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+++ b/papers/beginners/beginners.tex	Mon Apr 18 23:46:02 2005 +0900
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+\documentstyle [12pt]{article}
+\parindent=0pt
+\parskip=7pt plus 2pt
+
+%$Id$
+
+\def\oneline#1{\par\bigskip\leftline{\tt\hskip.75in#1}}
+\def\command#1{\par\bigskip\leftline{\tt\hskip.75in\% #1}}
+\def\comarg#1#2{\par\bigskip\leftline{\tt\hskip.75in\% #1 {\it#2}}}
+\def\MH/{{\sf MH}}
+\def\MM/{{\sc mm}}
+\def\unix/{{\sc Unix}}
+\newfont{\itt}{cmti10}
+\begin{document}
+
+\title{MH for Beginners}
+\author{Mary Hegardt \and Tim Morgan}
+\maketitle
+
+This document is intended to be an introduction for new users to the
+\MH/ mail system. For more detailed information, users will want to
+read the document called {\sl The Rand MH Message Handling System:
+User's Manual\/} by Marshall~T. Rose and John~L. Romine. It is available
+for Xeroxing in suite CS408.
+\footnote{This document is specific to the environment
+at the ICS department of U.~C.~Irvine.  For a more general document,
+see {\sl The Rand MH Message Handling System: Tutorial\/}.}
+
+\section{Using Electronic Mail}
+
+Electronic mail (e-mail) is a quick, convenient way to send a message
+to another person (or persons).  The message recipient can read and
+reply to the message at his convenience. E-mail is much faster than
+a paper memo and avoids inconveniences associated with the telephone
+such as unwanted interruptions and ``phone tag.''
+
+At UCI, one can send e-mail to people within the ICS department, people
+in other units on campus, and to people at some other institutions
+off campus (usually other universities).
+
+An electronic mail message consists of two parts: the headers and the
+body.  The body comes after the headers and consists of the ``message'':
+whatever the sender types in. The headers are the lines at the top
+of the message including the subject and addresses of the people
+to whom the message is addressed.  It is similar to the top lines
+of a memo: {\tt To:}, {\tt From:}, {\tt Subject:}, and so on.  The headers
+are separated from the body by a blank line. As in memos, the people
+listed in the {\tt Cc:}\ field are not intended to be the primary recipients 
+of the message. The message is for their information only, and they
+are not expected to reply.
+
+
+E-mail is also useful for discussions among groups of people.  This
+``bboards'' (electronic bulletin boards) facility will be discussed later.
+
+An electronic mail address looks like ``{\it name\/}{\tt@}{\it site\/}''.
+The {\it name\/} is
+a person's ``mail handle'' --- usually his first initial followed by his
+last name.   For example, Mary Hegardt's mail handle is ``mhegardt''.
+The {\it site\/} is the system where the addressee receives mail.  Within
+the ICS Department, you need only know the person's mail handle;
+the mail system will automatically fill in the ``{\tt @}{\it site\/}'' part.
+
+\section{Why MH ?}
+
+The \MH/ system is very different from most mail user agents.  Instead of 
+running one large program which handles all mail functions and keeps
+messages in one large file, \MH/ is a collection of smaller 
+single-purpose programs used to manipulate mail messages
+which are kept in individual files.  \MH/ may seem to be more complicated
+or harder to use than other mail systems (MM, for example), but  
+\MH/ has been designed to allow
+you to take full advantage of existing {\sc Unix}\footnote{{\sc Unix} is 
+a trademark of AT\&T Bell Laboratories} commands and programs
+in connection with mail messages.
+For example, you can use your usual text editor, spelling program, and
+printer commands on individual messages.  
+
+
+\section{The Basics}
+
+The first time you use an \MH/ command (probably {\it inc\/}), 
+\MH/ will create a directory called ``Mail'' in your home (login) directory. All
+your mail will be stored in directories beneath this one.  It will also
+create a file in your home directory called \verb|.mh_profile|.  It is
+a file that allows you to tailor your \MH/ environment.  We'll discuss
+this more later.  
+
+
+\subsection{Reading Mail}
+
+When someone sends a mail message to you, it is delivered to a file
+called your ``mail drop'' file.  When you are ready to read your mail,
+you have to incorporate (or ``inc'') your mail messages from the mail
+drop area into your account.
+
+Everytime you log in to your {\sc Unix} account, you will be told if you
+have new mail messages.  When you are ready to read them, type \verb|inc|.
+The {\it inc\/} program will copy your mail into your ``inbox'' and generate
+a ``scan'' listing of the new messages. For example,
+
+\begin{scriptsize}
+\begin{verbatim}
+4.2 BSD UNIX #116: Mon Jul 15 14:03:21 PDT 1985
+You have new ZOTnet mail, type "inc" (or mail)
+
+TERM = (dm1520)
+
+% inc
+
+Incorporating new mail into inbox ...
+ 
+   1+ 10/29 1732-PST Tim Morgan        new bboard!  <<Please add us to the uni
+   2  11/12 0016-PST ROODE@uci-20b     CP6 from the 20s  <<What is (will be) t
+   4  11/15 1909-EDT tts@tts           Hello, got a few questions
+   5  11/15 2134-PST Marshall Rose     MH.6 on 750a  <<Mary, I've left the dis
+   6  11/16 0808-PST Mail Delivery Su  Returned mail: Host unknown
+   7  11/16 1021-PST Tim Morgan        Unix-wizards/info-unix move
+   8  11/18 0952-PST freeman@icsd.UCI  Re:New system wide aliases for ICS facu
+   9  11/18 1346-EDT tts@tts           Have we got a problem?
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{scriptsize}
+
+This is what a typical ``inc'' session for the Postmaster looks like.  
+{\it Inc\/} copies my mail into my ``inbox'' folder, assigns a unique number to
+each message, and scans them for me.  The numbers allow you to refer
+to each message individually.  After the message number, you see the
+date and time the message was sent, the name of the sender, and the
+subject of the message. The ``current'' message is indicated by a 
+``{\tt +}'' sign. To read it, type ``{\tt show}'':
+
+\begin{scriptsize}
+\begin{verbatim}
+% show
+
+   (Message inbox:1)
+   Received: from localhost by UCI.EDU id a005369; 29 Oct 85 17:32 PST
+   To: postmaster@UCI.EDU
+   Subject: new bboard!
+   Date: 29 Oct 85 17:32:24 PST (Tue)
+   From: Tim Morgan <morgan@UCI.EDU>
+   
+   Please add us to the unix-sw list.  Also, if RAJ hasn't mentioned it,
+   and if it still exists, we should get on the Astronomy bboard.
+
+   Tim
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{scriptsize}
+
+If the message is
+longer than one screenful, you will see the word ``more'' at the bottom
+of the screen.  When you are ready to see ``more'' of the message,
+press the \fbox{space bar} to see another screenful, or press the 
+\fbox{return} key to see just one more line.
+
+To see the next message, you could type a couple of different commands:
+
+
+\oneline{\% next}
+or
+\oneline{\% show next}
+or
+\oneline{\% show 2}
+
+All of these commands would have the same effect: to type out the next message
+in the list.  The most efficient thing to do is to type ``{\tt next}''.  When
+You do that, message number 2 will be shown and become the ``current message''.
+
+\begin{footnotesize}
+\begin{verbatim}
+% next
+
+(Message inbox:2)
+Received: from UCI-20B by UCI-ICSA id aa01222; 12 Nov 85 0:23 PST
+Date: 12 Nov 1985 0016-PST
+From: ROODE@uci-20b
+Subject: CP6 from the 20s
+To: zotnet@uci-20b
+cc: dana_roode%ucicp6@UCI.EDU
+
+What is (will be) the prescribed method of addressing for sending
+CP6 mail from the 20s?  They dont seem to know about @CF, @UCICP6,
+but "Name_Name%UCICP6"@ICSA seems to fly.
+
+	dana
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{footnotesize}
+
+\subsection{Selecting Messages}
+
+As you have seen, messages can be referred to by their message numbers.
+Some \MH/ commands, such as {\it show,} can act upon more than one
+message at a time. A range of messages can be specified using the
+form ``{\it name1-name2\/}'' where {\it name\/} is a message number or
+one of the reserved message names described below:
+
+\bigskip
+
+\def\titem[#1]{\par\noindent\hbox to .5in{\hfil\it #1\/}\qquad}
+
+\titem[cur] The current message (the last one that was handled)
+\titem[next] The next message (same as ${\it cur\/} + 1$)
+\titem[prev] The previous message (${\it cur\/} - 1$)
+\titem[first] The first message in the current folder
+\titem[last] The last message in the folder
+\titem[all] All messages ($\it first-last$)
+
+\bigskip
+
+If you do not name a specific message, the command will act upon
+the ``current message''.
+
+\subsection{Sending Messages}
+
+A mail message consists of two parts: the headers and the body.  The
+headers are the lines at the top of the message that say ``{\tt To:}''
+and so on.  The body is the actual text of the message (what you
+want to say).  To send someone a message, you start with the
+{\it comp\/} command.  This will start up an editor called {\it prompter\/}
+that will prompt you to fill in the headers. You should type the
+requested information for that header or a \fbox{return} to omit it.  
+You should end the message by typing control-D (press down the key
+marked \fbox{ctrl} and strike the D key) at the beginning of a new
+line.  Here's an example:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+	% comp
+	To: morgan, raj
+	Cc: 
+	Subject: Lunch
+	---------
+	Where are we going for lunch today ?  
+
+	Mary
+	<control-D>
+	--------
+	What now ?  send
+\end{verbatim}
+
+At the ``\verb|What now ?|'' prompt you can type a {\tt?} to see 
+what commands you can type next.
+One of the most useful options at this point is to edit the draft
+of the message to correct any mistakes.  To do this you type:
+
+\oneline{What now ?  edit vi}
+
+This will put you in the {\it vi\/} editor to edit the message.  If you use
+{\it emacs\/} or any other editor, just type ``edit emacs'' or whatever.
+When you have finished editing, just exit the editor as you would 
+normally.  You will then get another ``\verb|What now ?|'' prompt. Here are some
+of the ``What now'' options:
+
+\bigskip
+
+\begingroup
+\def\titem[#1]{\par\hangafter=1\hangindent=1.4in\noindent
+	\hbox to\hangindent{\hfil#1\qquad}\ignorespaces}
+
+\titem[\tt edit \it editor\/] Edit the message using the specified
+				editor.  When you exit, you will be
+				back at \verb|What now|.
+
+\titem[\tt list] Shows the message you just typed
+
+\titem[\tt whom -check] Verifies that the addresses you have
+				used are valid as far as our system
+				can tell
+
+\titem[\tt send] Sends the message to the recipients
+
+\titem[\tt push] Sends the message in the background
+
+\titem[\tt quit] Quits without sending the message.
+				Saves the text of the message as
+				a ``draft''. Type \verb|comp -use| to
+				get back to that draft later.
+
+\titem[\tt quit -delete] Quit, throwing away the draft
+\endgroup
+
+\bigskip
+
+Make sure you are happy with your message before typing \verb|send|.  There
+is no way to recall a message once it has been sent.
+
+\subsection{Replying to Messages}
+
+To reply to the current message type {\it repl.}  When you do this, 
+the reply headers will be printed out and you will be put in the prompter
+editor to type in your reply text. When you are replying  to a message,
+the name of the sender of the original message will appear in the
+``To:'' field.  Any people on the ``To:'' or ``Cc:'' lists will also
+be copied on your reply message. As with {\it comp,} when you have
+finished, type control-D and \verb|send| (or whatever) at \verb|What now ?|.
+
+\subsection{Forwarding Messages}
+
+If you receive a particularly interesting message and can't resist
+sharing it with others, you can forward it using the {\it forw\/}
+command.  You will be prompted to fill in the headers (the address
+to which the message is to be forwarded, etc.). When you have done this,
+you will see the text of the message which you are forwarding and will be
+given the opportunity to add some enlightening text to the message.
+Exit with control-D and do whatever feels good at the \verb|What now ?|
+prompt.
+
+\subsection{The Advanced Features}
+
+You will probably want to master the beginning \MH/ concepts before you
+tackle the following\dots
+
+\subsection{Folders}
+
+Folders are really just directories for storing mail messages in an
+organized way.   To store a message in a folder named
+``inbox'', type:
+
+\oneline{\% refile 5 +inventory}
+
+If the folder doesn't exist yet, you will be asked if it should be created.
+To access messages in another folder, you can change your current
+folder from ``inbox'' to something else.  If you want to look at all
+the messages pertaining to the inventory, you type:
+
+\oneline{\% folder +inventory}
+
+and now you use {\it scan,} {\it show,} etc., to manipulate the messages
+in that folder.
+To change back to inbox, type:
+
+\oneline{\% folder +inbox}
+
+Using the {\it inc\/} command will change your current folder to be the
+``inbox'' automatically.
+	
+\section{Mailing files}
+
+Mailing files is usually not a good idea, especially for large files.  
+The mail system was never designed for moving big files. You
+can use the {\it cp\/} file to move the file to another account much more
+efficiently:
+
+\oneline{\% cp \char`\~frated/desired-file \char`\~./newfile}
+
+This will copy the file from frated's account to the current directory and
+call it ``newfile''. 
+
+You can also copy files across the network using {\it rcp\/}:
+
+\oneline{\% rcp icsd:frated/desired-file ./newfile}
+
+This copies frated's file on the system icsd to the current directory.
+
+If you {\it really\/} have to mail a file, you use the {\it mhmail\/} program.
+To mail a file ``myfile'' to another user ``frated'', with ``MyFile'' as
+the subject type:
+
+\oneline{\% mhmail frated -subject MyFile < myfile}
+
+
+\section{Searching for messages}
+
+The {\it pick\/} program allows you to search your inbox (or any other)
+folder to find messages which contain a certain word.  If you want to 
+list all messages from Smith you can type:
+
+\oneline{\% pick -from smith -list}
+
+and it will list the numbers of all messages from Smith that are in the
+current folder.  You can {\it pick\/} messages according to any of the
+headers ({\tt -to -from -subj -cc {\rm or} -date}) or just search all the
+messages for a given word ({\tt -search}).
+
+\section{The MH Profile}
+
+Each \MH/ user has a file in his directory called \verb|.mh_profile|.  This
+file contains a list of user-specified default options for \MH/ programs.
+The only required
+entry is the name of your \MH/
+directory:
+
+\oneline{Path: Mail}
+or
+\oneline{Path: mhbox}
+
+To make a change to your \verb|.mh_profile|, you edit the file and add a
+line for the applicable program.  For example, if you would like to use {\it
+vi\/} instead of {\it prompter\/} as your initial editor when composing
+messages, you would add this line to your \verb|.mh_profile|:
+
+\oneline{comp: -editor vi}
+
+or, if you want to have a format file for {\it scan\/} to use, you should
+have:
+
+\oneline{scan: -form {\it formatfile}}
+
+Almost all of the \MH/ programs have options that can be set using the
+\verb|.mh_profile|. You should consult the {\sl MH User's Manual\/}
+for more information about this.
+
+Many people will want to add a signature line to their \verb|.mh_profile|.
+This line  will appear as your signature on the From: line in messages
+you send. It looks like this:
+
+\oneline{Signature: John Q. Public}
+
+
+Occasionally people express an interest in getting rid of some of the
+header lines in their mail messages.  They don't want to see the
+``Received from'', ``Via'' information, or some other header.  It
+is possible to prevent these and other annoying headers from being
+displayed by changing your {\it show\/} processor to be {\it mhless.}
+To do this you must add this line 
+
+\oneline{showproc: mhless}
+
+to your \verb|.mh_profile|. You also must create a file 
+called ``.mhlessrc'' containing the words which
+appear at the beginning of the lines you don't want to see.
+ 
+The typical ``.mhlessrc'' file will look like this:
+\begin{verbatim}
+	Received
+	Via
+	BB-Posted
+	Return-Path
+\end{verbatim}
+
+The ``.mhlessrc'' file must be in your home directory.
+
+
+\section{BBoards}
+
+Electronic bulletin boards (BBoards) are a convenient way for a group
+of people to discuss a particular topic.  Messages are sent to
+an address where they can be read and replied to by all interested
+parties. In the ICS department we have some ``local'' BBoards which
+involve only people in the department.  We also subscribe to many
+nationally distributed BBoards.  BBoards are read using the {\it bbc\/}
+program which will allow you to read the messages with
+an \MH/-like interface. 
+
+One very important BBoard is ``system''.
+It contains vital news about changes in software, system
+downtime, new programs, and other information useful to all users.
+
+To read a BBoard, you type ``\verb|bbc| {\it BBoard\_name\/}''. The {\it
+bbc\/} program will check to see if there are new messages in the named
+BBoard and if there are, it will start up {\it msh\/} so you can read them.
+The {\it msh\/} program allows you to use regular \MH/ commands when reading
+BBoards. Type ``{\tt show}'' to see the current message, ``{\tt next}'' to
+see the next message, and so on.  Type ``{\tt quit}'' to quit reading the
+current BBoard. If you have named more than one BBoard on the command line
+or in your \verb|.mh_profile|, {\it bbc\/} will continue processing the next
+BBoard in the list.
+
+Here is an example of using {\it bbc\/} to read the system BBoard:
+
+\newpage
+\begin{footnotesize}
+\baselineskip=12pt\parskip=0pt
+\leftline{\tt\% bbc \itt system}
+\leftline{\tt Reading system, currently at message 1 of 22}
+\leftline{\tt(msh) \itt show}
+\begin{verbatim}
+(Message 1, BBoard-ID: 1360)
+BBoard-ID: 1360
+BB-Posted: Wed, 29 Jan 86 15:36:39 PST
+Received: from localhost by UCI.EDU id a006693; 29 Jan 86 15:20 PST
+To: network@UCI.EDU
+Subject: Imagen 24300
+Date: Wed, 29 Jan 86 15:19:43 -0800
+From: Tinh Tang <ttang@UCI.EDU>
+
+The Imagen 24300 is now operating normally.  It was broken down
+due to the paper jammed in the drum.  Luckily, it didn't cause
+any damage.
+
+/ttang
+\end{verbatim}\leftline{\tt(msh) \itt next}\begin{verbatim}
+(Message 4, BBoard-ID: 1363)
+BBoard-ID: 1363
+BB-Posted: Fri, 31 Jan 86 13:33:37 PST
+Received: from localhost by UCI.EDU id a001631; 31 Jan 86 13:30 PST
+To: msgs@UCI.EDU
+Subject: uci.edu down 2/7/86 17:10 - 2/7/86 20:30
+Date: Fri, 31 Jan 86 13:30:27 -0800
+From: root@UCI.EDU
+
+The uci.edu will be down from
+	February  7,1986 17:10 till February  7,1986 20:30.
+The reason for the downtime is:
+Both, the Computing Facility and the Physical Sciences Dataswitches 
+will be unavailable from 5:10pm until 8:30pm on Friday, February 7th. 
+Therefore all the Computers attached to those switches and the 
+corresponding tandem link will be unavailable to users on 
+the specified time.              (RJ).
+
+Downtime Scheduler
+\end{verbatim}\leftline{\tt(msh) \itt quit}
+\leftline{\tt \%}
+\end{footnotesize}
+\newpage
+
+You can see a list of all the available BBoards by typing:
+
+\command{bbc -topics}
+
+You can also put a line in your ``\verb|.mh_profile|'' listing all
+the BBoards you want to read on a regular basis:
+
+\oneline{bboards: system movies mh-users events}
+
+Then you only need to type ``\verb|bbc|'' to read all your BBoards. 
+
+
+\section{Checking for Mail}
+
+Under \unix/, there are many different ways to check for new mail. The
+easiest way to do it is to set the {\it csh\/} variable named ``mail''
+to tell {\it csh\/} to check for new mail for you periodically. To
+do this, add the line
+
+	\oneline{set mail=(60 /usr/spool/mail/\$USER)}
+
+to the {\tt .login} file in your home directory.  This command says
+to check for mail if {\it csh\/} is about to prompt you with a
+{\tt \%} sign, and if it has been at least 60 seconds since it last
+checked for mail.  The advantage of this method of mail notification,
+besides simplicity, is that you will never be interrupted by a mail
+notification.  You will only be notified about new mail when you
+are between commands.
+
+If you want asynchronous mail notification, which will print to your
+terminal regardless  of what you are currently doing, you may make
+use of a ``receive mail hook'' called ``rcvtty''.  To do this, 
+create a file in your home directory called ``{\tt .maildelivery}''.
+In this file, put the line
+
+	\oneline{* - pipe R /usr/uci/lib/mh/rcvtty}
+
+Then, each time mail arrives, you will receive a one--line ``scan''
+listing of the mail if your terminal is world-writable.  For more
+information on mail delivery files, type:
+
+	\command{man 5 maildelivery}
+
+This will tell you about all the options available to you if you
+use maildelivery files.
+
+
+\section{Aliases}
+
+Using \MH/, you may specify your own private mail aliases.  This feature
+allows you to store lists of addresses or long internet addresses of people
+with whom you frequently correspond in one file, and then to address them
+using short mnemonic names.  Typically, you will call your alias file ``{\tt
+aliases}''; it must be stored in your \MH/ directory.  The format of this
+file is simple. The alias is given, followed by a colon, followed by one or
+more legal mail addresses separated by commas.  For example, you might for
+some reason have an alias for all the users named ``Rose'' in the ICS
+department:
+
+	\oneline{roses: prose, srose, mrose, drose}
+
+In addition to your ``{\tt aliases}'' file, you will need to modify your\break
+\verb|.mh_profile| in order to use aliases.  You should add the flag
+``{\tt -alias aliases}'' to the entries for the commands {\it ali, whom,
+send,} and {\it push,} creating entries for these programs if they aren't
+already in your \verb|.mh_profile|.
+Now, messages addressed to ``{\tt roses}'' will be distributed to all
+the people listed in the alias.
+
+The {\it ali\/} command is used to show you what an alias expands to.
+You just type
+
+	\comarg{ali}{alias}
+
+and {\it ali\/} will respond with the expansion of the {\it alias.}  {\it
+Ali\/} searches the system aliases file in addition to your private ones.
+
+\section{Blind Lists}
+
+There are two different types of so-called ``blind addressing'' of messages.
+The {\tt BCC:} field allows you to add recipients to your message just
+like those who are CC'd, but the normal recipients will not see that the
+BCC recipients were copied on the message, their replies will not go to the
+blind recipients, and the blind recipients cannot (easily) reply to the
+message.
+
+The second type of blind mailing is actually called a ``group address list'',
+although it is commonly referred to as a ``blind list''.
+The format of this type of address is
+
+	\oneline{{\it phrase\/}: {\it address\_list\/};}
+
+where the ``{\it phrase\/}'' is any English phrase of one or more words,
+and the {\it address\_list\/} consists of one or more addresses separated by
+commas.  The recipients of a message addressed in this fashion will
+see simply
+
+	\oneline{{\it phrase\/}: ;}
+
+so when they reply to the message, their reply will come only to the sender
+(or the {\tt Reply-To:} field, if one was specified), rather than going to
+all the recipients of the original list. For example, to use a group
+address list for the ``{\tt roses}'' alias you would type:
+
+	\oneline{To: People Named Rose: roses;}
+
+This type of group address is very
+useful for making up lists of related people, such as all the people working
+on a particular research project.
+
+
+\end{document}