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3 ******************************
4 GNU Free Documentation License
5 ******************************
6
7 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
8
9 Copyright 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc
10 http://fsf.org/
11
12 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
13 license document, but changing it is not allowed.
14
15 **Preamble**
16
17 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
18 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
19 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
20 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
21 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
22 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
23 for modifications made by others.
24
25 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
26 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
27 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
28 license designed for free software.
29
30 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
31 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
32 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
33 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
34 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
35 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
36 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
37
38 **1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS**
39
40 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
41 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
42 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
43 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
44 work under the conditions stated herein. The **Document**, below,
45 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
46 licensee, and is addressed as "**you**". You accept the license if you
47 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
48 under copyright law.
49
50 A "**Modified Version**" of the Document means any work containing the
51 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
52 modifications and/or translated into another language.
53
54 A "**Secondary Section**" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
55 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
56 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
57 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
58 within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
59 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
60 mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
61 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
62 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
63 them.
64
65 The "**Invariant Sections**" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
66 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
67 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
68 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
69 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
70 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
71 Sections then there are none.
72
73 The "**Cover Texts**" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
74 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
75 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
76 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
77
78 A "**Transparent**" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
79 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
80 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
81 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
82 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
83 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
84 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
85 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
86 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
87 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
88 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
89 of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called **Opaque**.
90
91 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
92 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
93 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
94 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
95 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
96 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
97 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
98 processing tools are not generally available, and the
99 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
100 processors for output purposes only.
101
102 The "**Title Page**" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
103 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
104 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
105 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
106 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
107 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
108
109 The "**publisher**" means any person or entity that distributes
110 copies of the Document to the public.
111
112 A section "**Entitled XYZ**" means a named subunit of the Document whose
113 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
114 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
115 specific section name mentioned below, such as "**Acknowledgements**",
116 "**Dedications**", "**Endorsements**", or "**History**".)
117 To "**Preserve the Title**"
118 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
119 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
120
121 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
122 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
123 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
124 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
125 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
126 no effect on the meaning of this License.
127
128 **2. VERBATIM COPYING**
129
130 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
131 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
132 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
133 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
134 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
135 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
136 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
137 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
138 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
139
140 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
141 you may publicly display copies.
142
143 **3. COPYING IN QUANTITY**
144
145 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
146 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
147 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
148 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
149 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
150 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
151 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
152 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
153 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
154 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
155 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
156 as verbatim copying in other respects.
157
158 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
159 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
160 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
161 pages.
162
163 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
164 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
165 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
166 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
167 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
168 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
169 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
170 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
171 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
172 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
173 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
174 edition to the public.
175
176 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
177 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
178 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
179
180 **4. MODIFICATIONS**
181
182 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
183 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
184 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
185 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
186 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
187 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
188
189 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
190 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
191 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
192 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
193 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
194
195 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
196 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
197 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
198 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
199 unless they release you from this requirement.
200
201 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
202 Modified Version, as the publisher.
203
204 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
205
206 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
207 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
208
209 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
210 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
211 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
212
213 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
214 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
215 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
216
217 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
218 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
219 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
220 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
221 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
222 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
223 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
224
225 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
226 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
227 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
228 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
229 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
230 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
231 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
232
233 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
234 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
235 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
236 and/or dedications given therein.
237
238 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
239 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
240 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
241
242 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
243 may not be included in the Modified Version.
244
245 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
246 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
247
248 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
249
250 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
251 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
252 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
253 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
254 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
255 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
256
257 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
258 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
259 parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
260 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
261 standard.
262
263 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
264 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
265 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
266 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
267 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
268 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
269 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
270 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
271 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
272
273 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
274 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
275 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
276
277 **5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS**
278
279 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
280 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
281 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
282 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
283 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
284 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
285
286 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
287 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
288 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
289 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
290 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
291 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
292 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
293 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
294
295 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
296 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
297 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
298 and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
299 Entitled "Endorsements".
300
301 **6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS**
302
303 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
304 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
305 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
306 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
307 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
308
309 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
310 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
311 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
312 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
313
314 **7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS**
315
316 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
317 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
318 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
319 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
320 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
321 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
322 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
323 derivative works of the Document.
324
325 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
326 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
327 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
328 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
329 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
330 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
331 aggregate.
332
333 **8. TRANSLATION**
334
335 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
336 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
337 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
338 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
339 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
340 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
341 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
342 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
343 the original English version of this License and the original versions
344 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
345 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
346 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
347
348 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
349 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
350 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
351 title.
352
353 **9. TERMINATION**
354
355 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
356 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
357 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
358 will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
359
360 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
361 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
362 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
363 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
364 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
365 60 days after the cessation.
366
367 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
368 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
369 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
370 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
371 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
372 your receipt of the notice.
373
374 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
375 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
376 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
377 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
378 not give you any rights to use it.
379
380 **10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE**
381
382 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
383 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
384 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
385 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
386 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
387
388 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
389 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
390 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
391 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
392 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
393 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
394 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
395 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
396 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
397 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
398 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
399 Document.
400
401 **11. RELICENSING**
402
403 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
404 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
405 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
406 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
407 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
408 site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
409 site.
410
411 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
412 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
413 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
414 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
415 published by that same organization.
416
417 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
418 in part, as part of another Document.
419
420 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
421 License, and if all works that were first published under this License
422 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
423 or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
424 and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
425
426 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
427 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
428 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
429
430 **ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents**
431
432 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
433 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
434 license notices just after the title page:
435
436 Copyright © YEAR YOUR NAME.
437 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
438 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
439 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
440 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
441 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
442 Free Documentation License".
443
444
445 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
446 replace the "with ... Texts." line with this:
447
448 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
449 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
450
451 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
452 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
453 situation.
454
455 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
456 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
457 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
458 to permit their use in free software.