--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/gcc/d/expr.cc	Thu Feb 13 11:34:05 2020 +0900
@@ -0,0 +1,3142 @@
+/* expr.cc -- Lower D frontend expressions to GCC trees.
+   Copyright (C) 2015-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+GCC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
+any later version.
+
+GCC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with GCC; see the file COPYING3.  If not see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+#include "config.h"
+#include "system.h"
+#include "coretypes.h"
+
+#include "dmd/aggregate.h"
+#include "dmd/ctfe.h"
+#include "dmd/declaration.h"
+#include "dmd/expression.h"
+#include "dmd/identifier.h"
+#include "dmd/init.h"
+#include "dmd/module.h"
+#include "dmd/mtype.h"
+#include "dmd/template.h"
+
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "fold-const.h"
+#include "diagnostic.h"
+#include "langhooks.h"
+#include "tm.h"
+#include "function.h"
+#include "toplev.h"
+#include "varasm.h"
+#include "predict.h"
+#include "stor-layout.h"
+
+#include "d-tree.h"
+
+
+/* Implements the visitor interface to build the GCC trees of all Expression
+   AST classes emitted from the D Front-end.
+   All visit methods accept one parameter E, which holds the frontend AST
+   of the expression to compile.  They also don't return any value, instead
+   generated code is cached in RESULT_ and returned from the caller.  */
+
+class ExprVisitor : public Visitor
+{
+  using Visitor::visit;
+
+  tree result_;
+  bool constp_;
+
+  /* Determine if type is a struct that has a postblit.  */
+
+  bool needs_postblit (Type *t)
+  {
+    t = t->baseElemOf ();
+
+    if (t->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) t)->sym;
+	if (sd->postblit)
+	  return true;
+      }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /* Determine if type is a struct that has a destructor.  */
+
+  bool needs_dtor (Type *t)
+  {
+    t = t->baseElemOf ();
+
+    if (t->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) t)->sym;
+	if (sd->dtor)
+	  return true;
+      }
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /* Determine if expression is suitable lvalue.  */
+
+  bool lvalue_p (Expression *e)
+  {
+    return ((e->op != TOKslice && e->isLvalue ())
+	    || (e->op == TOKslice && ((UnaExp *) e)->e1->isLvalue ())
+	    || (e->op == TOKcast && ((UnaExp *) e)->e1->isLvalue ()));
+  }
+
+  /* Build an expression of code CODE, data type TYPE, and operands ARG0 and
+     ARG1.  Perform relevant conversions needed for correct code operations.  */
+
+  tree binary_op (tree_code code, tree type, tree arg0, tree arg1)
+  {
+    tree t0 = TREE_TYPE (arg0);
+    tree t1 = TREE_TYPE (arg1);
+    tree ret = NULL_TREE;
+
+    bool unsignedp = TYPE_UNSIGNED (t0) || TYPE_UNSIGNED (t1);
+
+    /* Deal with float mod expressions immediately.  */
+    if (code == FLOAT_MOD_EXPR)
+      return build_float_modulus (type, arg0, arg1);
+
+    if (POINTER_TYPE_P (t0) && INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (t1))
+      return build_nop (type, build_offset_op (code, arg0, arg1));
+
+    if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (t0) && POINTER_TYPE_P (t1))
+      return build_nop (type, build_offset_op (code, arg1, arg0));
+
+    if (POINTER_TYPE_P (t0) && POINTER_TYPE_P (t1))
+      {
+	gcc_assert (code == MINUS_EXPR);
+	tree ptrtype = lang_hooks.types.type_for_mode (ptr_mode, 0);
+
+	/* POINTER_DIFF_EXPR requires a signed integer type of the same size as
+	   pointers.  If some platform cannot provide that, or has a larger
+	   ptrdiff_type to support differences larger than half the address
+	   space, cast the pointers to some larger integer type and do the
+	   computations in that type.  */
+	if (TYPE_PRECISION (ptrtype) > TYPE_PRECISION (t0))
+	  ret = fold_build2 (MINUS_EXPR, ptrtype,
+			     d_convert (ptrtype, arg0),
+			     d_convert (ptrtype, arg1));
+	else
+	  ret = fold_build2 (POINTER_DIFF_EXPR, ptrtype, arg0, arg1);
+      }
+    else if (INTEGRAL_TYPE_P (type) && (TYPE_UNSIGNED (type) != unsignedp))
+      {
+	tree inttype = (unsignedp)
+	  ? d_unsigned_type (type) : d_signed_type (type);
+	ret = fold_build2 (code, inttype, arg0, arg1);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* If the operation needs excess precision.  */
+	tree eptype = excess_precision_type (type);
+	if (eptype != NULL_TREE)
+	  {
+	    arg0 = d_convert (eptype, arg0);
+	    arg1 = d_convert (eptype, arg1);
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Front-end does not do this conversion and GCC does not
+	       always do it right.  */
+	    if (COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P (t0) && !COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P (t1))
+	      arg1 = d_convert (t0, arg1);
+	    else if (COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P (t1) && !COMPLEX_FLOAT_TYPE_P (t0))
+	      arg0 = d_convert (t1, arg0);
+
+	    eptype = type;
+	  }
+
+	ret = fold_build2 (code, eptype, arg0, arg1);
+      }
+
+    return d_convert (type, ret);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a binary expression of code CODE, assigning the result into E1.  */
+
+  tree binop_assignment (tree_code code, Expression *e1, Expression *e2)
+  {
+    /* Skip casts for lhs assignment.  */
+    Expression *e1b = e1;
+    while (e1b->op == TOKcast)
+      {
+	CastExp *ce = (CastExp *) e1b;
+	gcc_assert (same_type_p (ce->type, ce->to));
+	e1b = ce->e1;
+      }
+
+    /* Stabilize LHS for assignment.  */
+    tree lhs = build_expr (e1b);
+    tree lexpr = stabilize_expr (&lhs);
+
+    /* The LHS expression could be an assignment, to which its operation gets
+       lost during gimplification.  */
+    if (TREE_CODE (lhs) == MODIFY_EXPR)
+      {
+	/* If LHS has side effects, call stabilize_reference on it, so it can
+	   be evaluated multiple times.  */
+	if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0)))
+	  lhs = build_assign (MODIFY_EXPR,
+			      stabilize_reference (TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0)),
+			      TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 1));
+
+	lexpr = compound_expr (lexpr, lhs);
+	lhs = TREE_OPERAND (lhs, 0);
+      }
+
+    lhs = stabilize_reference (lhs);
+
+    /* Save RHS, to ensure that the expression is evaluated before LHS.  */
+    tree rhs = build_expr (e2);
+    tree rexpr = d_save_expr (rhs);
+
+    rhs = this->binary_op (code, build_ctype (e1->type),
+			   convert_expr (lhs, e1b->type, e1->type), rexpr);
+    if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (rhs))
+      rhs = compound_expr (rexpr, rhs);
+
+    tree expr = modify_expr (lhs, convert_expr (rhs, e1->type, e1b->type));
+    return compound_expr (lexpr, expr);
+  }
+
+public:
+  ExprVisitor (bool constp)
+  {
+    this->result_ = NULL_TREE;
+    this->constp_ = constp;
+  }
+
+  tree result (void)
+  {
+    return this->result_;
+  }
+
+  /* Visitor interfaces, each Expression class should have
+     overridden the default.  */
+
+  void visit (Expression *)
+  {
+    gcc_unreachable ();
+  }
+
+  /* Build a conditional expression.  If either the second or third
+     expression is void, then the resulting type is void.  Otherwise
+     they are implicitly converted to a common type.  */
+
+  void visit (CondExp *e)
+  {
+    tree cond = convert_for_condition (build_expr (e->econd),
+				       e->econd->type);
+    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+    tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+    if (e->type->ty != Tvoid)
+      {
+	t1 = convert_expr (t1, e->e1->type, e->type);
+	t2 = convert_expr (t2, e->e2->type, e->type);
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = build_condition (build_ctype (e->type), cond, t1, t2);
+  }
+
+  /* Build an identity comparison expression.  Operands go through the
+     usual conversions to bring them to a common type before comparison.
+     The result type is bool.  */
+
+  void visit (IdentityExp *e)
+  {
+    tree_code code = (e->op == TOKidentity) ? EQ_EXPR : NE_EXPR;
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tb2 = e->e2->type->toBasetype ();
+
+    if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray)
+	&& (tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray))
+      {
+	/* For static and dynamic arrays, identity is defined as referring to
+	   the same array elements and the same number of elements.  */
+	tree t1 = d_array_convert (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = d_array_convert (e->e2);
+	this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_boolop (code, t1, t2));
+      }
+    else if (tb1->isfloating () && tb1->ty != Tvector)
+      {
+	/* For floating-point values, identity is defined as the bits in the
+	   operands being identical.  */
+	tree t1 = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->e1));
+	tree t2 = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->e2));
+
+	if (!tb1->iscomplex ())
+	  this->result_ = build_float_identity (code, t1, t2);
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Compare the real and imaginary parts separately.  */
+	    tree req = build_float_identity (code, real_part (t1),
+					     real_part (t2));
+	    tree ieq = build_float_identity (code, imaginary_part (t1),
+					     imaginary_part (t2));
+
+	    if (code == EQ_EXPR)
+	      this->result_ = build_boolop (TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, req, ieq);
+	    else
+	      this->result_ = build_boolop (TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, req, ieq);
+	  }
+      }
+    else if (tb1->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	/* For struct objects, identity is defined as bits in operands being
+	   identical also.  Alignment holes in structs are ignored.  */
+	StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) tb1)->sym;
+	tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+	gcc_assert (same_type_p (tb1, tb2));
+
+	this->result_ = build_struct_comparison (code, sd, t1, t2);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* For operands of other types, identity is defined as being the
+	   same as equality expressions.  */
+	tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+	this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_boolop (code, t1, t2));
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an equality expression, which compare the two operands for either
+     equality or inequality.  Operands go through the usual conversions to bring
+     them to a common type before comparison.  The result type is bool.  */
+
+  void visit (EqualExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tb2 = e->e2->type->toBasetype ();
+    tree_code code = (e->op == TOKequal) ? EQ_EXPR : NE_EXPR;
+
+    if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray)
+	&& (tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray))
+      {
+	/* For static and dynamic arrays, equality is defined as the lengths of
+	   the arrays matching, and all the elements are equal.  */
+	Type *t1elem = tb1->nextOf ()->toBasetype ();
+	Type *t2elem = tb1->nextOf ()->toBasetype ();
+
+	/* Check if comparisons of arrays can be optimized using memcmp.
+	   This will inline EQ expressions as:
+		e1.length == e2.length && memcmp(e1.ptr, e2.ptr, size) == 0;
+	    Or when generating a NE expression:
+		e1.length != e2.length || memcmp(e1.ptr, e2.ptr, size) != 0;  */
+	if ((t1elem->isintegral () || t1elem->ty == Tvoid
+	     || (t1elem->ty == Tstruct && !((TypeStruct *)t1elem)->sym->xeq))
+	    && t1elem->ty == t2elem->ty)
+	  {
+	    tree t1 = d_array_convert (e->e1);
+	    tree t2 = d_array_convert (e->e2);
+	    tree result;
+
+	    /* Make temporaries to prevent multiple evaluations.  */
+	    tree t1saved = d_save_expr (t1);
+	    tree t2saved = d_save_expr (t2);
+
+	    /* Length of arrays, for comparisons done before calling memcmp.  */
+	    tree t1len = d_array_length (t1saved);
+	    tree t2len = d_array_length (t2saved);
+
+	    /* Reference to array data.  */
+	    tree t1ptr = d_array_ptr (t1saved);
+	    tree t2ptr = d_array_ptr (t2saved);
+
+	    /* Compare arrays using memcmp if possible, otherwise for structs,
+	       each field is compared inline.  */
+	    if (t1elem->ty != Tstruct
+		|| identity_compare_p (((TypeStruct *) t1elem)->sym))
+	      {
+		tree size = size_mult_expr (t1len, size_int (t1elem->size ()));
+		tree tmemcmp = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMCMP);
+
+		result = build_call_expr (tmemcmp, 3, t1ptr, t2ptr, size);
+		result = build_boolop (code, result, integer_zero_node);
+	      }
+	    else
+	      {
+		StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) t1elem)->sym;
+
+		result = build_array_struct_comparison (code, sd, t1len,
+							t1ptr, t2ptr);
+	      }
+
+	    /* Check array length first before passing to memcmp.
+	       For equality expressions, this becomes:
+		    (e1.length == 0 || memcmp);
+	       Otherwise for inequality:
+		    (e1.length != 0 && memcmp);  */
+	    tree tsizecmp = build_boolop (code, t1len, size_zero_node);
+	    if (e->op == TOKequal)
+	      result = build_boolop (TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, tsizecmp, result);
+	    else
+	      result = build_boolop (TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, tsizecmp, result);
+
+	    /* Finally, check if lengths of both arrays match if dynamic.
+	       The frontend should have already guaranteed that static arrays
+	       have same size.  */
+	    if (tb1->ty == Tsarray && tb2->ty == Tsarray)
+	      gcc_assert (tb1->size () == tb2->size ());
+	    else
+	      {
+		tree tlencmp = build_boolop (code, t1len, t2len);
+		if (e->op == TOKequal)
+		  result = build_boolop (TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, tlencmp, result);
+		else
+		  result = build_boolop (TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, tlencmp, result);
+	      }
+
+	    /* Ensure left-to-right order of evaluation.  */
+	    if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t2))
+	      result = compound_expr (t2saved, result);
+
+	    if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (t1))
+	      result = compound_expr (t1saved, result);
+
+	    this->result_ = result;
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Use _adEq2() to compare each element.  */
+	    Type *t1array = t1elem->arrayOf ();
+	    tree result = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ADEQ2, e->type, 3,
+					 d_array_convert (e->e1),
+					 d_array_convert (e->e2),
+					 build_typeinfo (e->loc, t1array));
+
+	    if (e->op == TOKnotequal)
+	      result = build1 (TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, build_ctype (e->type), result);
+
+	    this->result_ = result;
+	  }
+      }
+    else if (tb1->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	/* Equality for struct objects means the logical product of all
+	   equality results of the corresponding object fields.  */
+	StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) tb1)->sym;
+	tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+	gcc_assert (same_type_p (tb1, tb2));
+
+	this->result_ = build_struct_comparison (code, sd, t1, t2);
+      }
+    else if (tb1->ty == Taarray && tb2->ty == Taarray)
+      {
+	/* Use _aaEqual() for associative arrays.  */
+	TypeAArray *taa1 = (TypeAArray *) tb1;
+	tree result = build_libcall (LIBCALL_AAEQUAL, e->type, 3,
+				     build_typeinfo (e->loc, taa1),
+				     build_expr (e->e1),
+				     build_expr (e->e2));
+
+	if (e->op == TOKnotequal)
+	  result = build1 (TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, build_ctype (e->type), result);
+
+	this->result_ = result;
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* For operands of other types, equality is defined as the bit pattern
+	   of the type matches exactly.  */
+	tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+	this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_boolop (code, t1, t2));
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an `in' expression.  This is a condition to see if an element
+     exists in an associative array.  The result is a pointer to the
+     element, or null if false.  */
+
+  void visit (InExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb2 = e->e2->type->toBasetype ();
+    gcc_assert (tb2->ty == Taarray);
+
+    Type *tkey = ((TypeAArray *) tb2)->index->toBasetype ();
+    tree key = convert_expr (build_expr (e->e1), e->e1->type, tkey);
+
+    /* Build a call to _aaInX().  */
+    this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_AAINX, e->type, 3,
+				   build_expr (e->e2),
+				   build_typeinfo (e->loc, tkey),
+				   build_address (key));
+  }
+
+  /* Build a relational expression.  The result type is bool.  */
+
+  void visit (CmpExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tb2 = e->e2->type->toBasetype ();
+
+    tree result;
+    tree_code code;
+
+    switch (e->op)
+      {
+      case TOKle:
+	code = LE_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKlt:
+	code = LT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKge:
+	code = GE_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKgt:
+	code = GT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	gcc_unreachable ();
+      }
+
+    if ((tb1->ty == Tsarray || tb1->ty == Tarray)
+	&& (tb2->ty == Tsarray || tb2->ty == Tarray))
+      {
+	/* For static and dynamic arrays, the result of the relational op is
+	   the result of the operator applied to the first non-equal element
+	   of the array.  If two arrays compare equal, but are of different
+	   lengths, the shorter array compares as less than the longer.  */
+	Type *telem = tb1->nextOf ()->toBasetype ();
+
+	tree call = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ADCMP2, Type::tint32, 3,
+				   d_array_convert (e->e1),
+				   d_array_convert (e->e2),
+				   build_typeinfo (e->loc, telem->arrayOf ()));
+	result = build_boolop (code, call, integer_zero_node);
+
+	this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type), result);
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Simple comparison.  */
+    result = build_boolop (code, build_expr (e->e1), build_expr (e->e2));
+    this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type), result);
+  }
+
+  /* Build an `and if' expression.  If the right operand expression is void,
+     then the resulting type is void.  Otherwise the result is bool.  */
+
+  void visit (AndAndExp *e)
+  {
+    if (e->e2->type->toBasetype ()->ty != Tvoid)
+      {
+	tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+	t1 = convert_for_condition (t1, e->e1->type);
+	t2 = convert_for_condition (t2, e->e2->type);
+
+	this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_boolop (TRUTH_ANDIF_EXPR, t1, t2));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	tree t1 = convert_for_condition (build_expr (e->e1), e->e1->type);
+	tree t2 = build_expr_dtor (e->e2);
+
+	this->result_ = build_condition (build_ctype (e->type),
+					 t1, t2, void_node);
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an `or if' expression.  If the right operand expression is void,
+     then the resulting type is void.  Otherwise the result is bool.  */
+
+  void visit (OrOrExp *e)
+  {
+    if (e->e2->type->toBasetype ()->ty != Tvoid)
+      {
+	tree t1 = convert_for_condition (build_expr (e->e1), e->e1->type);
+	tree t2 = convert_for_condition (build_expr (e->e2), e->e2->type);
+
+	this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_boolop (TRUTH_ORIF_EXPR, t1, t2));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	tree t1 = convert_for_condition (build_expr (e->e1), e->e1->type);
+	tree t2 = build_expr_dtor (e->e2);
+	tree cond = build1 (TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, d_bool_type, t1);
+
+	this->result_ = build_condition (build_ctype (e->type),
+					 cond, t2, void_node);
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a binary operand expression.  Operands go through usual arithmetic
+     conversions to bring them to a common type before evaluating.  */
+
+  void visit (BinExp *e)
+  {
+    tree_code code;
+
+    switch (e->op)
+      {
+      case TOKadd:
+      case TOKmin:
+	if ((e->e1->type->isreal () && e->e2->type->isimaginary ())
+	    || (e->e1->type->isimaginary () && e->e2->type->isreal ()))
+	  {
+	    /* If the result is complex, then we can shortcut binary_op.
+	       Frontend should have already validated types and sizes.  */
+	    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	    tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+	    if (e->op == TOKmin)
+	      t2 = build1 (NEGATE_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (t2), t2);
+
+	    if (e->e1->type->isreal ())
+	      this->result_ = complex_expr (build_ctype (e->type), t1, t2);
+	    else
+	      this->result_ = complex_expr (build_ctype (e->type), t2, t1);
+
+	    return;
+	  }
+	else
+	  code = (e->op == TOKadd)
+	    ? PLUS_EXPR : MINUS_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKmul:
+	code = MULT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKdiv:
+	code = e->e1->type->isintegral ()
+	  ? TRUNC_DIV_EXPR : RDIV_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKmod:
+	code = e->e1->type->isfloating ()
+	  ? FLOAT_MOD_EXPR : TRUNC_MOD_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKand:
+	code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKor:
+	code = BIT_IOR_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKxor:
+	code = BIT_XOR_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKshl:
+	code = LSHIFT_EXPR;
+	  break;
+
+      case TOKshr:
+	code = RSHIFT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKushr:
+	code = UNSIGNED_RSHIFT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	gcc_unreachable ();
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = this->binary_op (code, build_ctype (e->type),
+				     build_expr (e->e1), build_expr (e->e2));
+  }
+
+
+  /* Build a concat expression, which concatenates two or more arrays of the
+     same type, producing a dynamic array with the result.  If one operand
+     is an element type, that element is converted to an array of length 1.  */
+
+  void visit (CatExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tb2 = e->e2->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *etype;
+
+    if (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb1->ty == Tsarray)
+      etype = tb1->nextOf ();
+    else
+      etype = tb2->nextOf ();
+
+    vec<tree, va_gc> *elemvars = NULL;
+    tree result;
+
+    if (e->e1->op == TOKcat)
+      {
+	/* Flatten multiple concatenations to an array.
+	   So the expression ((a ~ b) ~ c) becomes [a, b, c]  */
+	int ndims = 2;
+
+	for (Expression *ex = e->e1; ex->op == TOKcat;)
+	  {
+	    if (ex->op == TOKcat)
+	      {
+		ex = ((CatExp *) ex)->e1;
+		ndims++;
+	      }
+	  }
+
+	/* Store all concatenation args to a temporary byte[][ndims] array.  */
+	Type *targselem = Type::tint8->arrayOf ();
+	tree var = create_temporary_var (make_array_type (targselem, ndims));
+	tree init = build_constructor (TREE_TYPE (var), NULL);
+	vec_safe_push (elemvars, var);
+
+	/* Loop through each concatenation from right to left.  */
+	vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *elms = NULL;
+	CatExp *ce = e;
+	int dim = ndims - 1;
+
+	for (Expression *oe = ce->e2; oe != NULL;
+	     (ce->e1->op != TOKcat
+	      ? (oe = ce->e1)
+	      : (ce = (CatExp *)ce->e1, oe = ce->e2)))
+	  {
+	    tree arg = d_array_convert (etype, oe, &elemvars);
+	    tree index = size_int (dim);
+	    CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (elms, index, d_save_expr (arg));
+
+	    /* Finished pushing all arrays.  */
+	    if (oe == ce->e1)
+	      break;
+
+	    dim -= 1;
+	  }
+
+	/* Check there is no logic bug in constructing byte[][] of arrays.  */
+	gcc_assert (dim == 0);
+	CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (init) = elms;
+	DECL_INITIAL (var) = init;
+
+	tree arrs = d_array_value (build_ctype (targselem->arrayOf ()),
+				   size_int (ndims), build_address (var));
+
+	result = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYCATNTX, e->type, 2,
+				build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->type), arrs);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Handle single concatenation (a ~ b).  */
+	result = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYCATT, e->type, 3,
+				build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->type),
+				d_array_convert (etype, e->e1, &elemvars),
+				d_array_convert (etype, e->e2, &elemvars));
+      }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vec_safe_length (elemvars); ++i)
+      result = bind_expr ((*elemvars)[i], result);
+
+    this->result_ = result;
+  }
+
+  /* Build an assignment operator expression.  The right operand is implicitly
+     converted to the type of the left operand, and assigned to it.  */
+
+  void visit (BinAssignExp *e)
+  {
+    tree_code code;
+    Expression *e1b = e->e1;
+
+    switch (e->op)
+      {
+      case TOKaddass:
+	code = PLUS_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKminass:
+	code = MINUS_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKmulass:
+	code = MULT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKdivass:
+	code = e->e1->type->isintegral ()
+	  ? TRUNC_DIV_EXPR : RDIV_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKmodass:
+	code = e->e1->type->isfloating ()
+	  ? FLOAT_MOD_EXPR : TRUNC_MOD_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKandass:
+	code = BIT_AND_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKorass:
+	code = BIT_IOR_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKxorass:
+	code = BIT_XOR_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKpowass:
+	gcc_unreachable ();
+
+      case TOKshlass:
+	code = LSHIFT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      case TOKshrass:
+      case TOKushrass:
+	/* Use the original lhs type before it was promoted.  The left operand
+	   of `>>>=' does not undergo integral promotions before shifting.
+	   Strip off casts just incase anyway.  */
+	while (e1b->op == TOKcast)
+	  {
+	    CastExp *ce = (CastExp *) e1b;
+	    gcc_assert (same_type_p (ce->type, ce->to));
+	    e1b = ce->e1;
+	  }
+	code = (e->op == TOKshrass) ? RSHIFT_EXPR : UNSIGNED_RSHIFT_EXPR;
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	gcc_unreachable ();
+      }
+
+    tree exp = this->binop_assignment (code, e1b, e->e2);
+    this->result_ = convert_expr (exp, e1b->type, e->type);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a concat assignment expression.  The right operand is appended
+     to the the left operand.  */
+
+  void visit (CatAssignExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tb2 = e->e2->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *etype = tb1->nextOf ()->toBasetype ();
+
+    if (tb1->ty == Tarray && tb2->ty == Tdchar
+	&& (etype->ty == Tchar || etype->ty == Twchar))
+      {
+	/* Append a dchar to a char[] or wchar[]  */
+	libcall_fn libcall = (etype->ty == Tchar)
+	  ? LIBCALL_ARRAYAPPENDCD : LIBCALL_ARRAYAPPENDWD;
+
+	this->result_ = build_libcall (libcall, e->type, 2,
+				       build_address (build_expr (e->e1)),
+				       build_expr (e->e2));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	gcc_assert (tb1->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray);
+
+	tree tinfo = build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->type);
+	tree ptr = build_address (build_expr (e->e1));
+
+	if ((tb2->ty == Tarray || tb2->ty == Tsarray)
+	    && same_type_p (etype, tb2->nextOf ()->toBasetype ()))
+	  {
+	    /* Append an array.  */
+	    this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYAPPENDT, e->type, 3,
+					   tinfo, ptr, d_array_convert (e->e2));
+
+	  }
+	else if (same_type_p (etype, tb2))
+	  {
+	    /* Append an element.  */
+	    tree result = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYAPPENDCTX, e->type, 3,
+					 tinfo, ptr, size_one_node);
+	    result = d_save_expr (result);
+
+	    /* Assign e2 to last element.  */
+	    tree offexp = d_array_length (result);
+	    offexp = build2 (MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (offexp),
+			     offexp, size_one_node);
+	    offexp = d_save_expr (offexp);
+
+	    tree ptrexp = d_array_ptr (result);
+	    ptrexp = void_okay_p (ptrexp);
+	    ptrexp = build_array_index (ptrexp, offexp);
+
+	    /* Evaluate expression before appending.  */
+	    tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+	    tree expr = stabilize_expr (&t2);
+
+	    t2 = d_save_expr (t2);
+	    result = modify_expr (build_deref (ptrexp), t2);
+	    result = compound_expr (t2, result);
+
+	    this->result_ = compound_expr (expr, result);
+	  }
+	else
+	  gcc_unreachable ();
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an assignment expression.  The right operand is implicitly
+     converted to the type of the left operand, and assigned to it.  */
+
+  void visit (AssignExp *e)
+  {
+    /* First, handle special assignment semantics.  */
+
+    /* Look for array.length = n;  */
+    if (e->e1->op == TOKarraylength)
+      {
+	/* Assignment to an array's length property; resize the array.  */
+	ArrayLengthExp *ale = (ArrayLengthExp *) e->e1;
+	tree newlength = convert_expr (build_expr (e->e2), e->e2->type,
+				       Type::tsize_t);
+	tree ptr = build_address (build_expr (ale->e1));
+
+	/* Don't want the basetype for the element type.  */
+	Type *etype = ale->e1->type->toBasetype ()->nextOf ();
+	libcall_fn libcall = etype->isZeroInit ()
+	  ? LIBCALL_ARRAYSETLENGTHT : LIBCALL_ARRAYSETLENGTHIT;
+
+	tree result = build_libcall (libcall, ale->e1->type, 3,
+				     build_typeinfo (ale->loc, ale->e1->type),
+				     newlength, ptr);
+
+	this->result_ = d_array_length (result);
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Look for array[] = n;  */
+    if (e->e1->op == TOKslice)
+      {
+	SliceExp *se = (SliceExp *) e->e1;
+	Type *stype = se->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+	Type *etype = stype->nextOf ()->toBasetype ();
+
+	/* Determine if we need to run postblit or dtor.  */
+	bool postblit = this->needs_postblit (etype) && this->lvalue_p (e->e2);
+	bool destructor = this->needs_dtor (etype);
+
+	if (e->memset & blockAssign)
+	  {
+	    /* Set a range of elements to one value.  */
+	    tree t1 = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->e1));
+	    tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+	    tree result;
+
+	    if ((postblit || destructor) && e->op != TOKblit)
+	      {
+		libcall_fn libcall = (e->op == TOKconstruct)
+		  ? LIBCALL_ARRAYSETCTOR : LIBCALL_ARRAYSETASSIGN;
+		/* So we can call postblits on const/immutable objects.  */
+		Type *tm = etype->unSharedOf ()->mutableOf ();
+		tree ti = build_typeinfo (e->loc, tm);
+
+		tree result = build_libcall (libcall, Type::tvoid, 4,
+					     d_array_ptr (t1),
+					     build_address (t2),
+					     d_array_length (t1), ti);
+		this->result_ = compound_expr (result, t1);
+		return;
+	      }
+
+	    if (integer_zerop (t2))
+	      {
+		tree tmemset = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMSET);
+		tree size = size_mult_expr (d_array_length (t1),
+					    size_int (etype->size ()));
+
+		result = build_call_expr (tmemset, 3, d_array_ptr (t1),
+					  integer_zero_node, size);
+	      }
+	    else
+	      result = build_array_set (d_array_ptr (t1),
+					d_array_length (t1), t2);
+
+	    this->result_ = compound_expr (result, t1);
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Perform a memcpy operation.  */
+	    gcc_assert (e->e2->type->ty != Tpointer);
+
+	    if (!postblit && !destructor && !array_bounds_check ())
+	      {
+		tree t1 = d_save_expr (d_array_convert (e->e1));
+		tree t2 = d_array_convert (e->e2);
+		tree tmemcpy = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMCPY);
+		tree size = size_mult_expr (d_array_length (t1),
+					    size_int (etype->size ()));
+
+		tree result = build_call_expr (tmemcpy, 3, d_array_ptr (t1),
+					       d_array_ptr (t2), size);
+		this->result_ = compound_expr (result, t1);
+	      }
+	    else if ((postblit || destructor) && e->op != TOKblit)
+	      {
+		/* Generate: _d_arrayassign(ti, from, to)
+			 or: _d_arrayctor(ti, from, to)  */
+		libcall_fn libcall = (e->op == TOKconstruct)
+		  ? LIBCALL_ARRAYCTOR : LIBCALL_ARRAYASSIGN;
+
+		this->result_ = build_libcall (libcall, e->type, 3,
+					       build_typeinfo (e->loc, etype),
+					       d_array_convert (e->e2),
+					       d_array_convert (e->e1));
+	      }
+	    else
+	      {
+		/* Generate: _d_arraycopy()  */
+		this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYCOPY, e->type, 3,
+					       size_int (etype->size ()),
+					       d_array_convert (e->e2),
+					       d_array_convert (e->e1));
+	      }
+	  }
+
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Look for reference initializations.  */
+    if (e->memset & referenceInit)
+      {
+	gcc_assert (e->op == TOKconstruct || e->op == TOKblit);
+	gcc_assert (e->e1->op == TOKvar);
+
+	Declaration *decl = ((VarExp *) e->e1)->var;
+	if (decl->storage_class & (STCout | STCref))
+	  {
+	    tree t2 = convert_for_assignment (build_expr (e->e2),
+					      e->e2->type, e->e1->type);
+	    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	    /* Want reference to lhs, not indirect ref.  */
+	    t1 = TREE_OPERAND (t1, 0);
+	    t2 = build_address (t2);
+
+	    this->result_ = indirect_ref (build_ctype (e->type),
+					  build_assign (INIT_EXPR, t1, t2));
+	    return;
+	  }
+      }
+
+    /* Other types of assignments that may require post construction.  */
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    tree_code modifycode = (e->op == TOKconstruct) ? INIT_EXPR : MODIFY_EXPR;
+
+    /* Look for struct assignment.  */
+    if (tb1->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	tree t2 = convert_for_assignment (build_expr (e->e2),
+					  e->e2->type, e->e1->type);
+
+	/* Look for struct = 0.  */
+	if (e->e2->op == TOKint64)
+	  {
+	    /* Use memset to fill struct.  */
+	    gcc_assert (e->op == TOKblit);
+	    StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) tb1)->sym;
+
+	    tree tmemset = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMSET);
+	    tree result = build_call_expr (tmemset, 3, build_address (t1),
+					   t2, size_int (sd->structsize));
+
+	    /* Maybe set-up hidden pointer to outer scope context.  */
+	    if (sd->isNested ())
+	      {
+		tree field = get_symbol_decl (sd->vthis);
+		tree value = build_vthis (sd);
+
+		tree vthis_exp = modify_expr (component_ref (t1, field), value);
+		result = compound_expr (result, vthis_exp);
+	      }
+
+	    this->result_ = compound_expr (result, t1);
+	  }
+	else
+	  this->result_ = build_assign (modifycode, t1, t2);
+
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Look for static array assignment.  */
+    if (tb1->ty == Tsarray)
+      {
+	/* Look for array = 0.  */
+	if (e->e2->op == TOKint64)
+	  {
+	    /* Use memset to fill the array.  */
+	    gcc_assert (e->op == TOKblit);
+
+	    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	    tree t2 = convert_for_assignment (build_expr (e->e2),
+					      e->e2->type, e->e1->type);
+	    tree size = size_int (e->e1->type->size ());
+
+	    tree tmemset = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMSET);
+	    this->result_ = build_call_expr (tmemset, 3, build_address (t1),
+					     t2, size);
+	    return;
+	  }
+
+	Type *etype = tb1->nextOf ();
+	gcc_assert (e->e2->type->toBasetype ()->ty == Tsarray);
+
+	/* Determine if we need to run postblit.  */
+	bool postblit = this->needs_postblit (etype);
+	bool destructor = this->needs_dtor (etype);
+	bool lvalue_p = this->lvalue_p (e->e2);
+
+	/* Even if the elements in rhs are all rvalues and don't have
+	   to call postblits, this assignment should call dtors on old
+	   assigned elements.  */
+	if ((!postblit && !destructor)
+	    || (e->op == TOKconstruct && !lvalue_p && postblit)
+	    || (e->op == TOKblit || e->e1->type->size () == 0))
+	  {
+	    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+	    tree t2 = convert_for_assignment (build_expr (e->e2),
+					      e->e2->type, e->e1->type);
+
+	    this->result_ = build_assign (modifycode, t1, t2);
+	    return;
+	  }
+
+	Type *arrtype = (e->type->ty == Tsarray) ? etype->arrayOf () : e->type;
+	tree result;
+
+	if (e->op == TOKconstruct)
+	  {
+	    /* Generate: _d_arrayctor(ti, from, to)  */
+	    result = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYCTOR, arrtype, 3,
+				    build_typeinfo (e->loc, etype),
+				    d_array_convert (e->e2),
+				    d_array_convert (e->e1));
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Generate: _d_arrayassign_l()
+		     or: _d_arrayassign_r()  */
+	    libcall_fn libcall = (lvalue_p)
+	      ? LIBCALL_ARRAYASSIGN_L : LIBCALL_ARRAYASSIGN_R;
+	    tree elembuf = build_local_temp (build_ctype (etype));
+
+	    result = build_libcall (libcall, arrtype, 4,
+				    build_typeinfo (e->loc, etype),
+				    d_array_convert (e->e2),
+				    d_array_convert (e->e1),
+				    build_address (elembuf));
+	  }
+
+	/* Cast the libcall result back to a static array.  */
+	if (e->type->ty == Tsarray)
+	  result = indirect_ref (build_ctype (e->type),
+				 d_array_ptr (result));
+
+	this->result_ = result;
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Simple assignment.  */
+    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+    tree t2 = convert_for_assignment (build_expr (e->e2),
+				      e->e2->type, e->e1->type);
+
+    this->result_ = build_assign (modifycode, t1, t2);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a postfix expression.  */
+
+  void visit (PostExp *e)
+  {
+    tree result;
+
+    if (e->op == TOKplusplus)
+      {
+	result = build2 (POSTINCREMENT_EXPR, build_ctype (e->type),
+			 build_expr (e->e1), build_expr (e->e2));
+      }
+    else if (e->op == TOKminusminus)
+      {
+	result = build2 (POSTDECREMENT_EXPR, build_ctype (e->type),
+			 build_expr (e->e1), build_expr (e->e2));
+      }
+    else
+      gcc_unreachable ();
+
+    TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (result) = 1;
+    this->result_ = result;
+  }
+
+  /* Build an index expression.  */
+
+  void visit (IndexExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+
+    if (tb1->ty == Taarray)
+      {
+	/* Get the key for the associative array.  */
+	Type *tkey = ((TypeAArray *) tb1)->index->toBasetype ();
+	tree key = convert_expr (build_expr (e->e2), e->e2->type, tkey);
+	libcall_fn libcall;
+	tree tinfo, ptr;
+
+	if (e->modifiable)
+	  {
+	    libcall = LIBCALL_AAGETY;
+	    ptr = build_address (build_expr (e->e1));
+	    tinfo = build_typeinfo (e->loc, tb1->unSharedOf ()->mutableOf ());
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    libcall = LIBCALL_AAGETRVALUEX;
+	    ptr = build_expr (e->e1);
+	    tinfo = build_typeinfo (e->loc, tkey);
+	  }
+
+	/* Index the associative array.  */
+	tree result = build_libcall (libcall, e->type->pointerTo (), 4,
+				     ptr, tinfo,
+				     size_int (tb1->nextOf ()->size ()),
+				     build_address (key));
+
+	if (!e->indexIsInBounds && array_bounds_check ())
+	  {
+	    tree tassert = (global.params.checkAction == CHECKACTION_D)
+	      ? d_assert_call (e->loc, LIBCALL_ARRAY_BOUNDS)
+	      : build_call_expr (builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_TRAP), 0);
+
+	    result = d_save_expr (result);
+	    result = build_condition (TREE_TYPE (result),
+				      d_truthvalue_conversion (result),
+				      result, tassert);
+	  }
+
+	this->result_ = indirect_ref (build_ctype (e->type), result);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Get the data pointer and length for static and dynamic arrays.  */
+	tree array = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->e1));
+	tree ptr = convert_expr (array, tb1, tb1->nextOf ()->pointerTo ());
+
+	tree length = NULL_TREE;
+	if (tb1->ty != Tpointer)
+	  length = get_array_length (array, tb1);
+	else
+	  gcc_assert (e->lengthVar == NULL);
+
+	/* The __dollar variable just becomes a placeholder for the
+	   actual length.  */
+	if (e->lengthVar)
+	  e->lengthVar->csym = length;
+
+	/* Generate the index.  */
+	tree index = build_expr (e->e2);
+
+	/* If it's a static array and the index is constant, the front end has
+	   already checked the bounds.  */
+	if (tb1->ty != Tpointer && !e->indexIsInBounds)
+	  index = build_bounds_condition (e->e2->loc, index, length, false);
+
+	/* Index the .ptr.  */
+	ptr = void_okay_p (ptr);
+	this->result_ = indirect_ref (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (ptr)),
+				      build_array_index (ptr, index));
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a comma expression.  The type is the type of the right operand.  */
+
+  void visit (CommaExp *e)
+  {
+    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+    tree t2 = build_expr (e->e2);
+    tree type = e->type ? build_ctype (e->type) : void_type_node;
+
+    this->result_ = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, type, t1, t2);
+  }
+
+  /* Build an array length expression.  Returns the number of elements
+     in the array.  The result is of type size_t.  */
+
+  void visit (ArrayLengthExp *e)
+  {
+    if (e->e1->type->toBasetype ()->ty == Tarray)
+      this->result_ = d_array_length (build_expr (e->e1));
+    else
+      {
+	/* Static arrays have already been handled by the front-end.  */
+	error ("unexpected type for array length: %qs", e->type->toChars ());
+	this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a delegate pointer expression.  This will return the frame
+     pointer value as a type void*.  */
+
+  void visit (DelegatePtrExp *e)
+  {
+    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+    this->result_ = delegate_object (t1);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a delegate function pointer expression.  This will return the
+     function pointer value as a function type.  */
+
+  void visit (DelegateFuncptrExp *e)
+  {
+    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+    this->result_ = delegate_method (t1);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a slice expression.  */
+
+  void visit (SliceExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    gcc_assert (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray);
+
+    /* Use convert-to-dynamic-array code if possible.  */
+    if (!e->lwr)
+      {
+	tree result = build_expr (e->e1);
+	if (e->e1->type->toBasetype ()->ty == Tsarray)
+	  result = convert_expr (result, e->e1->type, e->type);
+
+	this->result_ = result;
+	return;
+      }
+    else
+      gcc_assert (e->upr != NULL);
+
+    /* Get the data pointer and length for static and dynamic arrays.  */
+    tree array = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->e1));
+    tree ptr = convert_expr (array, tb1, tb1->nextOf ()->pointerTo ());
+    tree length = NULL_TREE;
+
+    /* Our array is already a SAVE_EXPR if necessary, so we don't make length
+       a SAVE_EXPR which is, at most, a COMPONENT_REF on top of array.  */
+    if (tb1->ty != Tpointer)
+      length = get_array_length (array, tb1);
+    else
+      gcc_assert (e->lengthVar == NULL);
+
+    /* The __dollar variable just becomes a placeholder for the
+       actual length.  */
+    if (e->lengthVar)
+      e->lengthVar->csym = length;
+
+    /* Generate upper and lower bounds.  */
+    tree lwr_tree = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->lwr));
+    tree upr_tree = d_save_expr (build_expr (e->upr));
+
+    /* If the upper bound has any side effects, then the lower bound should be
+       copied to a temporary always.  */
+    if (TREE_CODE (upr_tree) == SAVE_EXPR && TREE_CODE (lwr_tree) != SAVE_EXPR)
+      lwr_tree = save_expr (lwr_tree);
+
+    /* Adjust the .ptr offset.  */
+    if (!integer_zerop (lwr_tree))
+      {
+	tree ptrtype = TREE_TYPE (ptr);
+	ptr = build_array_index (void_okay_p (ptr), lwr_tree);
+	ptr = build_nop (ptrtype, ptr);
+      }
+    else
+      lwr_tree = NULL_TREE;
+
+    /* Nothing more to do for static arrays, their bounds checking has been
+       done at compile-time.  */
+    if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
+      {
+	this->result_ = indirect_ref (build_ctype (e->type), ptr);
+	return;
+      }
+    else
+      gcc_assert (tb->ty == Tarray);
+
+    /* Generate bounds checking code.  */
+    tree newlength;
+
+    if (!e->upperIsInBounds)
+      {
+	if (length)
+	  {
+	    newlength = build_bounds_condition (e->upr->loc, upr_tree,
+						length, true);
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Still need to check bounds lwr <= upr for pointers.  */
+	    gcc_assert (tb1->ty == Tpointer);
+	    newlength = upr_tree;
+	  }
+      }
+    else
+      newlength = upr_tree;
+
+    if (lwr_tree)
+      {
+	/* Enforces lwr <= upr.  No need to check lwr <= length as
+	   we've already ensured that upr <= length.  */
+	if (!e->lowerIsLessThanUpper)
+	  {
+	    tree cond = build_bounds_condition (e->lwr->loc, lwr_tree,
+						upr_tree, true);
+
+	    /* When bounds checking is off, the index value is
+	       returned directly.  */
+	    if (cond != lwr_tree)
+	      newlength = compound_expr (cond, newlength);
+	  }
+
+	/* Need to ensure lwr always gets evaluated first, as it may be a
+	   function call.  Generates (lwr, upr) - lwr.  */
+	newlength = fold_build2 (MINUS_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (newlength),
+				 compound_expr (lwr_tree, newlength), lwr_tree);
+      }
+
+    tree result = d_array_value (build_ctype (e->type), newlength, ptr);
+    this->result_ = compound_expr (array, result);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a cast expression, which converts the given unary expression to the
+     type of result.  */
+
+  void visit (CastExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *ebtype = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Type *tbtype = e->to->toBasetype ();
+    tree result = build_expr (e->e1, this->constp_);
+
+    /* Just evaluate e1 if it has any side effects.  */
+    if (tbtype->ty == Tvoid)
+      this->result_ = build_nop (build_ctype (tbtype), result);
+    else
+      this->result_ = convert_expr (result, ebtype, tbtype);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a delete expression.  */
+
+  void visit (DeleteExp *e)
+  {
+    tree t1 = build_expr (e->e1);
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+
+    if (tb1->ty == Tclass)
+      {
+	/* For class object references, if there is a destructor for that class,
+	   the destructor is called for the object instance.  */
+	libcall_fn libcall;
+
+	if (e->e1->op == TOKvar)
+	  {
+	    VarDeclaration *v = ((VarExp *) e->e1)->var->isVarDeclaration ();
+	    if (v && v->onstack)
+	      {
+		libcall = tb1->isClassHandle ()->isInterfaceDeclaration ()
+		  ? LIBCALL_CALLINTERFACEFINALIZER : LIBCALL_CALLFINALIZER;
+
+		this->result_ = build_libcall (libcall, Type::tvoid, 1, t1);
+		return;
+	      }
+	  }
+
+	/* Otherwise, the garbage collector is called to immediately free the
+	   memory allocated for the class instance.  */
+	libcall = tb1->isClassHandle ()->isInterfaceDeclaration ()
+	  ? LIBCALL_DELINTERFACE : LIBCALL_DELCLASS;
+
+	t1 = build_address (t1);
+	this->result_ = build_libcall (libcall, Type::tvoid, 1, t1);
+      }
+    else if (tb1->ty == Tarray)
+      {
+	/* For dynamic arrays, the garbage collector is called to immediately
+	   release the memory.  */
+	Type *telem = tb1->nextOf ()->baseElemOf ();
+	tree ti = null_pointer_node;
+
+	if (telem->ty == Tstruct)
+	  {
+	    /* Might need to run destructor on array contents.  */
+	    TypeStruct *ts = (TypeStruct *) telem;
+	    if (ts->sym->dtor)
+	      ti = build_typeinfo (e->loc, tb1->nextOf ());
+	  }
+
+	/* Generate: _delarray_t (&t1, ti);  */
+	this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_DELARRAYT, Type::tvoid, 2,
+				       build_address (t1), ti);
+      }
+    else if (tb1->ty == Tpointer)
+      {
+	/* For pointers to a struct instance, if the struct has overloaded
+	   operator delete, then that operator is called.  */
+	t1 = build_address (t1);
+	Type *tnext = ((TypePointer *)tb1)->next->toBasetype ();
+
+	if (tnext->ty == Tstruct)
+	  {
+	    TypeStruct *ts = (TypeStruct *)tnext;
+	    if (ts->sym->dtor)
+	      {
+		tree ti = build_typeinfo (e->loc, tnext);
+		this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_DELSTRUCT, Type::tvoid,
+					       2, t1, ti);
+		return;
+	      }
+	  }
+
+	/* Otherwise, the garbage collector is called to immediately free the
+	   memory allocated for the pointer.  */
+	this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_DELMEMORY, Type::tvoid, 1, t1);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	error ("don%'t know how to delete %qs", e->e1->toChars ());
+	this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a remove expression, which removes a particular key from an
+     associative array.  */
+
+  void visit (RemoveExp *e)
+  {
+    /* Check that the array is actually an associative array.  */
+    if (e->e1->type->toBasetype ()->ty == Taarray)
+      {
+	Type *tb = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+	Type *tkey = ((TypeAArray *) tb)->index->toBasetype ();
+	tree index = convert_expr (build_expr (e->e2), e->e2->type, tkey);
+
+	this->result_ = build_libcall (LIBCALL_AADELX, Type::tbool, 3,
+				       build_expr (e->e1),
+				       build_typeinfo (e->loc, tkey),
+				       build_address (index));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	error ("%qs is not an associative array", e->e1->toChars ());
+	this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an unary not expression.  */
+
+  void visit (NotExp *e)
+  {
+    tree result = convert_for_condition (build_expr (e->e1), e->e1->type);
+    /* Need to convert to boolean type or this will fail.  */
+    result = fold_build1 (TRUTH_NOT_EXPR, d_bool_type, result);
+
+    this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type), result);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a compliment expression, where all the bits in the value are
+     complemented.  Note: unlike in C, the usual integral promotions
+     are not performed prior to the complement operation.  */
+
+  void visit (ComExp *e)
+  {
+    TY ty1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ()->ty;
+    gcc_assert (ty1 != Tarray && ty1 != Tsarray);
+
+    this->result_ = fold_build1 (BIT_NOT_EXPR, build_ctype (e->type),
+				 build_expr (e->e1));
+  }
+
+  /* Build an unary negation expression.  */
+
+  void visit (NegExp *e)
+  {
+    TY ty1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ()->ty;
+    gcc_assert (ty1 != Tarray && ty1 != Tsarray);
+
+    tree type = build_ctype (e->type);
+    tree expr = build_expr (e->e1);
+
+    /* If the operation needs excess precision.  */
+    tree eptype = excess_precision_type (type);
+    if (eptype != NULL_TREE)
+      expr = d_convert (eptype, expr);
+    else
+      eptype = type;
+
+    tree ret = fold_build1 (NEGATE_EXPR, eptype, expr);
+    this->result_ = d_convert (type, ret);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a pointer index expression.  */
+
+  void visit (PtrExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tnext = NULL;
+    size_t offset;
+    tree result;
+
+    if (e->e1->op == TOKadd)
+      {
+	BinExp *be = (BinExp *) e->e1;
+	if (be->e1->op == TOKaddress
+	    && be->e2->isConst () && be->e2->type->isintegral ())
+	  {
+	    Expression *ae = ((AddrExp *) be->e1)->e1;
+	    tnext = ae->type->toBasetype ();
+	    result = build_expr (ae);
+	    offset = be->e2->toUInteger ();
+	  }
+      }
+    else if (e->e1->op == TOKsymoff)
+      {
+	SymOffExp *se = (SymOffExp *) e->e1;
+	if (!declaration_reference_p (se->var))
+	  {
+	    tnext = se->var->type->toBasetype ();
+	    result = get_decl_tree (se->var);
+	    offset = se->offset;
+	  }
+      }
+
+    /* Produce better code by converting *(#record + n) to
+       COMPONENT_REFERENCE.  Otherwise, the variable will always be
+       allocated in memory because its address is taken.  */
+    if (tnext && tnext->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) tnext)->sym;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < sd->fields.dim; i++)
+	  {
+	    VarDeclaration *field = sd->fields[i];
+
+	    if (field->offset == offset
+		&& same_type_p (field->type, e->type))
+	      {
+		/* Catch errors, backend will ICE otherwise.  */
+		if (error_operand_p (result))
+		  this->result_ = result;
+		else
+		  {
+		    result  = component_ref (result, get_symbol_decl (field));
+		    this->result_ = result;
+		  }
+		return;
+	      }
+	    else if (field->offset > offset)
+	      break;
+	  }
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = indirect_ref (build_ctype (e->type), build_expr (e->e1));
+  }
+
+  /* Build an unary address expression.  */
+
+  void visit (AddrExp *e)
+  {
+    tree type = build_ctype (e->type);
+    tree exp;
+
+    /* The frontend optimizer can convert const symbol into a struct literal.
+       Taking the address of a struct literal is otherwise illegal.  */
+    if (e->e1->op == TOKstructliteral)
+      {
+	StructLiteralExp *sle = ((StructLiteralExp *) e->e1)->origin;
+	gcc_assert (sle != NULL);
+
+	/* Build the reference symbol, the decl is built first as the
+	   initializer may have recursive references.  */
+	if (!sle->sym)
+	  {
+	    sle->sym = build_artificial_decl (build_ctype (sle->type),
+					      NULL_TREE, "S");
+	    DECL_INITIAL (sle->sym) = build_expr (sle, true);
+	    d_pushdecl (sle->sym);
+	    rest_of_decl_compilation (sle->sym, 1, 0);
+	  }
+
+	exp = sle->sym;
+      }
+    else
+      exp = build_expr (e->e1, this->constp_);
+
+    TREE_CONSTANT (exp) = 0;
+    this->result_ = d_convert (type, build_address (exp));
+  }
+
+  /* Build a function call expression.  */
+
+  void visit (CallExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    Expression *e1b = e->e1;
+
+    tree callee = NULL_TREE;
+    tree object = NULL_TREE;
+    tree cleanup = NULL_TREE;
+    TypeFunction *tf = NULL;
+
+    /* Calls to delegates can sometimes look like this.  */
+    if (e1b->op == TOKcomma)
+      {
+	e1b = ((CommaExp *) e1b)->e2;
+	gcc_assert (e1b->op == TOKvar);
+
+	Declaration *var = ((VarExp *) e1b)->var;
+	gcc_assert (var->isFuncDeclaration () && !var->needThis ());
+      }
+
+    if (e1b->op == TOKdotvar && tb->ty != Tdelegate)
+      {
+	DotVarExp *dve = (DotVarExp *) e1b;
+
+	/* Don't modify the static initializer for struct literals.  */
+	if (dve->e1->op == TOKstructliteral)
+	  {
+	    StructLiteralExp *sle = (StructLiteralExp *) dve->e1;
+	    sle->useStaticInit = false;
+	  }
+
+	FuncDeclaration *fd = dve->var->isFuncDeclaration ();
+	if (fd != NULL)
+	  {
+	    /* Get the correct callee from the DotVarExp object.  */
+	    tree fndecl = get_symbol_decl (fd);
+	    AggregateDeclaration *ad = fd->isThis ();
+
+	    /* Static method; ignore the object instance.  */
+	    if (!ad)
+	      callee = build_address (fndecl);
+	    else
+	      {
+		tree thisexp = build_expr (dve->e1);
+
+		/* When constructing temporaries, if the constructor throws,
+		   then the object is destructed even though it is not a fully
+		   constructed object yet.  And so this call will need to be
+		   moved inside the TARGET_EXPR_INITIAL slot.  */
+		if (fd->isCtorDeclaration ()
+		    && TREE_CODE (thisexp) == COMPOUND_EXPR
+		    && TREE_CODE (TREE_OPERAND (thisexp, 0)) == TARGET_EXPR
+		    && TARGET_EXPR_CLEANUP (TREE_OPERAND (thisexp, 0)))
+		  {
+		    cleanup = TREE_OPERAND (thisexp, 0);
+		    thisexp = TREE_OPERAND (thisexp, 1);
+		  }
+
+		/* Want reference to 'this' object.  */
+		if (!POINTER_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (thisexp)))
+		  thisexp = build_address (thisexp);
+
+		/* Make the callee a virtual call.  */
+		if (fd->isVirtual () && !fd->isFinalFunc () && !e->directcall)
+		  {
+		    tree fntype = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (fndecl));
+		    tree thistype = build_ctype (ad->handleType ());
+		    thisexp = build_nop (thistype, d_save_expr (thisexp));
+		    fndecl = build_vindex_ref (thisexp, fntype, fd->vtblIndex);
+		  }
+		else
+		  fndecl = build_address (fndecl);
+
+		callee = build_method_call (fndecl, thisexp, fd->type);
+	      }
+	  }
+      }
+
+    if (callee == NULL_TREE)
+      callee = build_expr (e1b);
+
+    if (METHOD_CALL_EXPR (callee))
+      {
+	/* This could be a delegate expression (TY == Tdelegate), but not
+	   actually a delegate variable.  */
+	if (e1b->op == TOKdotvar)
+	  {
+	    /* This gets the true function type, getting the function type
+	       from e1->type can sometimes be incorrect, such as when calling
+	       a 'ref' return function.  */
+	    tf = get_function_type (((DotVarExp *) e1b)->var->type);
+	  }
+	else
+	  tf = get_function_type (tb);
+
+	extract_from_method_call (callee, callee, object);
+      }
+    else if (tb->ty == Tdelegate)
+      {
+	/* Delegate call, extract .object and .funcptr from var.  */
+	callee = d_save_expr (callee);
+	tf = get_function_type (tb);
+	object = delegate_object (callee);
+	callee = delegate_method (callee);
+      }
+    else if (e1b->op == TOKvar)
+      {
+	FuncDeclaration *fd = ((VarExp *) e1b)->var->isFuncDeclaration ();
+	gcc_assert (fd != NULL);
+	tf = get_function_type (fd->type);
+
+	if (fd->isNested ())
+	  {
+	    /* Maybe re-evaluate symbol storage treating 'fd' as public.  */
+	    if (call_by_alias_p (d_function_chain->function, fd))
+	      TREE_PUBLIC (callee) = 1;
+
+	    object = get_frame_for_symbol (fd);
+	  }
+	else if (fd->needThis ())
+	  {
+	    error_at (make_location_t (e1b->loc),
+		      "need %<this%> to access member %qs", fd->toChars ());
+	    /* Continue compiling...  */
+	    object = null_pointer_node;
+	  }
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Normal direct function call.  */
+	tf = get_function_type (tb);
+      }
+
+    gcc_assert (tf != NULL);
+
+    /* Now we have the type, callee and maybe object reference,
+       build the call expression.  */
+    tree exp = d_build_call (tf, callee, object, e->arguments);
+
+    if (tf->isref)
+      exp = build_deref (exp);
+
+    /* Some library calls are defined to return a generic type.
+       this->type is the real type we want to return.  */
+    if (e->type->isTypeBasic ())
+      exp = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type), exp);
+
+    /* If this call was found to be a constructor for a temporary with a
+       cleanup, then move the call inside the TARGET_EXPR.  The original
+       initializer is turned into an assignment, to keep its side effect.  */
+    if (cleanup != NULL_TREE)
+      {
+	tree init = TARGET_EXPR_INITIAL (cleanup);
+	tree slot = TARGET_EXPR_SLOT (cleanup);
+	d_mark_addressable (slot);
+	init = build_assign (INIT_EXPR, slot, init);
+
+	TARGET_EXPR_INITIAL (cleanup) = compound_expr (init, exp);
+	exp = cleanup;
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = exp;
+  }
+
+  /* Build a delegate expression.  */
+
+  void visit (DelegateExp *e)
+  {
+    if (e->func->semanticRun == PASSsemantic3done)
+      {
+	/* Add the function as nested function if it belongs to this module.
+	   ie: it is a member of this module, or it is a template instance.  */
+	Dsymbol *owner = e->func->toParent ();
+	while (!owner->isTemplateInstance () && owner->toParent ())
+	  owner = owner->toParent ();
+	if (owner->isTemplateInstance () || owner == d_function_chain->module)
+	  build_decl_tree (e->func);
+      }
+
+    tree fndecl;
+    tree object;
+
+    if (e->func->isNested ())
+      {
+	if (e->e1->op == TOKnull)
+	  object = build_expr (e->e1);
+	else
+	  object = get_frame_for_symbol (e->func);
+
+	fndecl = build_address (get_symbol_decl (e->func));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	if (!e->func->isThis ())
+	  {
+	    error ("delegates are only for non-static functions");
+	    this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+	    return;
+	  }
+
+	object = build_expr (e->e1);
+
+	/* Want reference to `this' object.  */
+	if (e->e1->type->ty != Tclass && e->e1->type->ty != Tpointer)
+	  object = build_address (object);
+
+	/* Object reference could be the outer `this' field of a class or
+	   closure of type `void*'.  Cast it to the right type.  */
+	if (e->e1->type->ty == Tclass)
+	  object = d_convert (build_ctype (e->e1->type), object);
+
+	fndecl = get_symbol_decl (e->func);
+
+	/* Get pointer to function out of the virtual table.  */
+	if (e->func->isVirtual () && !e->func->isFinalFunc ()
+	    && e->e1->op != TOKsuper && e->e1->op != TOKdottype)
+	  {
+	    tree fntype = build_pointer_type (TREE_TYPE (fndecl));
+	    object = d_save_expr (object);
+	    fndecl = build_vindex_ref (object, fntype, e->func->vtblIndex);
+	  }
+	else
+	  fndecl = build_address (fndecl);
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = build_method_call (fndecl, object, e->type);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a type component expression.  */
+
+  void visit (DotTypeExp *e)
+  {
+    /* Just a pass through to underlying expression.  */
+    this->result_ = build_expr (e->e1);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a component reference expression.  */
+
+  void visit (DotVarExp *e)
+  {
+    VarDeclaration *vd = e->var->isVarDeclaration ();
+
+    /* This could also be a function, but relying on that being taken
+       care of by the visitor interface for CallExp.  */
+    if (vd != NULL)
+      {
+	if (!vd->isField ())
+	  this->result_ = get_decl_tree (vd);
+	else
+	  {
+	    tree object = build_expr (e->e1);
+
+	    if (e->e1->type->toBasetype ()->ty != Tstruct)
+	      object = build_deref (object);
+
+	    this->result_ = component_ref (object, get_symbol_decl (vd));
+	  }
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	error ("%qs is not a field, but a %qs",
+	       e->var->toChars (), e->var->kind ());
+	this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an assert expression, used to declare conditions that must hold at
+     that a given point in the program.  */
+
+  void visit (AssertExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb1 = e->e1->type->toBasetype ();
+    tree arg = build_expr (e->e1);
+    tree tmsg = NULL_TREE;
+    tree assert_pass = void_node;
+    tree assert_fail;
+
+    if (global.params.useAssert
+	&& global.params.checkAction == CHECKACTION_D)
+      {
+	/* Generate: ((bool) e1  ? (void)0 : _d_assert (...))
+		 or: (e1 != null ? e1._invariant() : _d_assert (...))  */
+	bool unittest_p = d_function_chain->function->isUnitTestDeclaration ();
+	libcall_fn libcall;
+
+	if (e->msg)
+	  {
+	    tmsg = build_expr_dtor (e->msg);
+	    libcall = unittest_p ? LIBCALL_UNITTEST_MSG : LIBCALL_ASSERT_MSG;
+	  }
+	else
+	  libcall = unittest_p ? LIBCALL_UNITTEST : LIBCALL_ASSERT;
+
+	/* Build a call to _d_assert().  */
+	assert_fail = d_assert_call (e->loc, libcall, tmsg);
+
+	if (global.params.useInvariants)
+	  {
+	    /* If the condition is a D class or struct object with an invariant,
+	       call it if the condition result is true.  */
+	    if (tb1->ty == Tclass)
+	      {
+		ClassDeclaration *cd = tb1->isClassHandle ();
+		if (!cd->isInterfaceDeclaration () && !cd->isCPPclass ())
+		  {
+		    arg = d_save_expr (arg);
+		    assert_pass = build_libcall (LIBCALL_INVARIANT,
+						 Type::tvoid, 1, arg);
+		  }
+	      }
+	    else if (tb1->ty == Tpointer && tb1->nextOf ()->ty == Tstruct)
+	      {
+		StructDeclaration *sd = ((TypeStruct *) tb1->nextOf ())->sym;
+		if (sd->inv != NULL)
+		  {
+		    Expressions args;
+		    arg = d_save_expr (arg);
+		    assert_pass = d_build_call_expr (sd->inv, arg, &args);
+		  }
+	      }
+	  }
+      }
+    else if (global.params.useAssert
+	     && global.params.checkAction == CHECKACTION_C)
+      {
+	/* Generate: __builtin_trap()  */
+	tree fn = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_TRAP);
+	assert_fail = build_call_expr (fn, 0);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Assert contracts are turned off, if the contract condition has no
+	   side effects can still use it as a predicate for the optimizer.  */
+	if (TREE_SIDE_EFFECTS (arg))
+	  {
+	    this->result_ = void_node;
+	    return;
+	  }
+
+	assert_fail = build_predict_expr (PRED_NORETURN, NOT_TAKEN);
+      }
+
+    /* Build condition that we are asserting in this contract.  */
+    tree condition = convert_for_condition (arg, e->e1->type);
+
+    /* We expect the condition to always be true, as what happens if an assert
+       contract is false is undefined behavior.  */
+    tree fn = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_EXPECT);
+    tree arg_types = TYPE_ARG_TYPES (TREE_TYPE (fn));
+    tree pred_type = TREE_VALUE (arg_types);
+    tree expected_type = TREE_VALUE (TREE_CHAIN (arg_types));
+
+    condition = build_call_expr (fn, 2, d_convert (pred_type, condition),
+				 build_int_cst (expected_type, 1));
+    condition = d_truthvalue_conversion (condition);
+
+    this->result_ = build_vcondition (condition, assert_pass, assert_fail);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a declaration expression.  */
+
+  void visit (DeclarationExp *e)
+  {
+    /* Compile the declaration.  */
+    push_stmt_list ();
+    build_decl_tree (e->declaration);
+    tree result = pop_stmt_list ();
+
+    /* Construction of an array for typesafe-variadic function arguments
+       can cause an empty STMT_LIST here.  This can causes problems
+       during gimplification.  */
+    if (TREE_CODE (result) == STATEMENT_LIST && !STATEMENT_LIST_HEAD (result))
+      result = build_empty_stmt (input_location);
+
+    this->result_ = result;
+  }
+
+  /* Build a typeid expression.  Returns an instance of class TypeInfo
+     corresponding to.  */
+
+  void visit (TypeidExp *e)
+  {
+    if (Type *tid = isType (e->obj))
+      {
+	tree ti = build_typeinfo (e->loc, tid);
+
+	/* If the typeinfo is at an offset.  */
+	if (tid->vtinfo->offset)
+	  ti = build_offset (ti, size_int (tid->vtinfo->offset));
+
+	this->result_ = build_nop (build_ctype (e->type), ti);
+      }
+    else if (Expression *tid = isExpression (e->obj))
+      {
+	Type *type = tid->type->toBasetype ();
+	assert (type->ty == Tclass);
+
+	/* Generate **classptr to get the classinfo.  */
+	tree ci = build_expr (tid);
+	ci = indirect_ref (ptr_type_node, ci);
+	ci = indirect_ref (ptr_type_node, ci);
+
+	/* Add extra indirection for interfaces.  */
+	if (((TypeClass *) type)->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration ())
+	  ci = indirect_ref (ptr_type_node, ci);
+
+	this->result_ = build_nop (build_ctype (e->type), ci);
+      }
+    else
+      gcc_unreachable ();
+  }
+
+  /* Build a function/lambda expression.  */
+
+  void visit (FuncExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *ftype = e->type->toBasetype ();
+
+    /* This check is for lambda's, remove 'vthis' as function isn't nested.  */
+    if (e->fd->tok == TOKreserved && ftype->ty == Tpointer)
+      {
+	e->fd->tok = TOKfunction;
+	e->fd->vthis = NULL;
+      }
+
+    /* Compile the function literal body.  */
+    build_decl_tree (e->fd);
+
+    /* If nested, this will be a trampoline.  */
+    if (e->fd->isNested ())
+      {
+	tree func = build_address (get_symbol_decl (e->fd));
+	tree object;
+
+	if (this->constp_)
+	  {
+	    /* Static delegate variables have no context pointer.  */
+	    object = null_pointer_node;
+	    this->result_ = build_method_call (func, object, e->fd->type);
+	    TREE_CONSTANT (this->result_) = 1;
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    object = get_frame_for_symbol (e->fd);
+	    this->result_ = build_method_call (func, object, e->fd->type);
+	  }
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	this->result_ = build_nop (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_address (get_symbol_decl (e->fd)));
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a halt expression.  */
+
+  void visit (HaltExp *)
+  {
+    /* Should we use trap() or abort()?  */
+    tree ttrap = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_TRAP);
+    this->result_ = build_call_expr (ttrap, 0);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a symbol pointer offset expression.  */
+
+  void visit (SymOffExp *e)
+  {
+    /* Build the address and offset of the symbol.  */
+    size_t soffset = ((SymOffExp *) e)->offset;
+    tree result = get_decl_tree (e->var);
+    TREE_USED (result) = 1;
+
+    if (declaration_reference_p (e->var))
+      gcc_assert (POINTER_TYPE_P (TREE_TYPE (result)));
+    else
+      result = build_address (result);
+
+    if (!soffset)
+      result = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type), result);
+    else
+      {
+	tree offset = size_int (soffset);
+	result = build_nop (build_ctype (e->type),
+			    build_offset (result, offset));
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = result;
+  }
+
+  /* Build a variable expression.  */
+
+  void visit (VarExp *e)
+  {
+    if (e->var->needThis ())
+      {
+	error ("need %<this%> to access member %qs", e->var->ident->toChars ());
+	this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+	return;
+      }
+    else if (e->var->ident == Identifier::idPool ("__ctfe"))
+      {
+	/* __ctfe is always false at run-time.  */
+	this->result_ = integer_zero_node;
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* This check is same as is done in FuncExp for lambdas.  */
+    FuncLiteralDeclaration *fld = e->var->isFuncLiteralDeclaration ();
+    if (fld != NULL)
+      {
+	if (fld->tok == TOKreserved)
+	  {
+	    fld->tok = TOKfunction;
+	    fld->vthis = NULL;
+	  }
+
+	/* Compiler the function literal body.  */
+	build_decl_tree (fld);
+      }
+
+    if (this->constp_)
+      {
+	/* Want the initializer, not the expression.  */
+	VarDeclaration *var = e->var->isVarDeclaration ();
+	SymbolDeclaration *sd = e->var->isSymbolDeclaration ();
+	tree init = NULL_TREE;
+
+	if (var && (var->isConst () || var->isImmutable ())
+	    && e->type->toBasetype ()->ty != Tsarray && var->_init)
+	  {
+	    if (var->inuse)
+	      error_at (make_location_t (e->loc), "recursive reference %qs",
+			e->toChars ());
+	    else
+	      {
+		var->inuse++;
+		init = build_expr (initializerToExpression (var->_init), true);
+		var->inuse--;
+	      }
+	  }
+	else if (sd && sd->dsym)
+	  init = layout_struct_initializer (sd->dsym);
+	else
+	  error_at (make_location_t (e->loc), "non-constant expression %qs",
+		    e->toChars ());
+
+	if (init != NULL_TREE)
+	  this->result_ = init;
+	else
+	  this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	tree result = get_decl_tree (e->var);
+	TREE_USED (result) = 1;
+
+	/* For variables that are references - currently only out/inout
+	   arguments; objects don't count - evaluating the variable means
+	   we want what it refers to.  */
+	if (declaration_reference_p (e->var))
+	  result = indirect_ref (build_ctype (e->var->type), result);
+
+	this->result_ = result;
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a this variable expression.  */
+
+  void visit (ThisExp *e)
+  {
+    FuncDeclaration *fd = d_function_chain ? d_function_chain->function : NULL;
+    tree result = NULL_TREE;
+
+    if (e->var)
+      result = get_decl_tree (e->var);
+    else
+      {
+	gcc_assert (fd && fd->vthis);
+	result = get_decl_tree (fd->vthis);
+      }
+
+    if (e->type->ty == Tstruct)
+      result = build_deref (result);
+
+    this->result_ = result;
+  }
+
+  /* Build a new expression, which allocates memory either on the garbage
+     collected heap or by using a class or struct specific allocator.  */
+
+  void visit (NewExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype ();
+    tree result;
+
+    if (e->allocator)
+      gcc_assert (e->newargs);
+
+    if (tb->ty == Tclass)
+      {
+	/* Allocating a new class.  */
+	tb = e->newtype->toBasetype ();
+	gcc_assert (tb->ty == Tclass);
+
+	ClassDeclaration *cd = ((TypeClass *) tb)->sym;
+	tree type = build_ctype (tb);
+	tree setup_exp = NULL_TREE;
+	tree new_call;
+
+	if (e->onstack)
+	  {
+	    /* If being used as an initializer for a local variable with scope
+	       storage class, then the instance is allocated on the stack
+	       rather than the heap or using the class specific allocator.  */
+	    tree var = build_local_temp (TREE_TYPE (type));
+	    new_call = build_nop (type, build_address (var));
+	    setup_exp = modify_expr (var, aggregate_initializer_decl (cd));
+	  }
+	else if (e->allocator)
+	  {
+	    /* Call class allocator, and copy the initializer into memory.  */
+	    new_call = d_build_call_expr (e->allocator, NULL_TREE, e->newargs);
+	    new_call = d_save_expr (new_call);
+	    new_call = build_nop (type, new_call);
+	    setup_exp = modify_expr (build_deref (new_call),
+				     aggregate_initializer_decl (cd));
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Generate: _d_newclass()  */
+	    tree arg = build_address (get_classinfo_decl (cd));
+	    new_call = build_libcall (LIBCALL_NEWCLASS, tb, 1, arg);
+	  }
+
+	/* Set the context pointer for nested classes.  */
+	if (cd->isNested ())
+	  {
+	    tree field = get_symbol_decl (cd->vthis);
+	    tree value = NULL_TREE;
+
+	    if (e->thisexp)
+	      {
+		ClassDeclaration *tcd = e->thisexp->type->isClassHandle ();
+		Dsymbol *outer = cd->toParent2 ();
+		int offset = 0;
+
+		value = build_expr (e->thisexp);
+		if (outer != tcd)
+		  {
+		    ClassDeclaration *ocd = outer->isClassDeclaration ();
+		    gcc_assert (ocd->isBaseOf (tcd, &offset));
+		    /* Could just add offset...  */
+		    value = convert_expr (value, e->thisexp->type, ocd->type);
+		  }
+	      }
+	    else
+	      value = build_vthis (cd);
+
+	    if (value != NULL_TREE)
+	      {
+		/* Generate: (new())->vthis = this;  */
+		new_call = d_save_expr (new_call);
+		field = component_ref (build_deref (new_call), field);
+		setup_exp = compound_expr (setup_exp,
+					   modify_expr (field, value));
+	      }
+	  }
+	new_call = compound_expr (setup_exp, new_call);
+
+	/* Call the class constructor.  */
+	if (e->member)
+	  result = d_build_call_expr (e->member, new_call, e->arguments);
+	else
+	  result = new_call;
+
+	if (e->argprefix)
+	  result = compound_expr (build_expr (e->argprefix), result);
+      }
+    else if (tb->ty == Tpointer && tb->nextOf ()->toBasetype ()->ty == Tstruct)
+      {
+	/* Allocating memory for a new struct.  */
+	Type *htype = e->newtype->toBasetype ();
+	gcc_assert (htype->ty == Tstruct);
+	gcc_assert (!e->onstack);
+
+	TypeStruct *stype = (TypeStruct *) htype;
+	StructDeclaration *sd = stype->sym;
+	tree new_call;
+
+	/* Cannot new an opaque struct.  */
+	if (sd->size (e->loc) == 0)
+	  {
+	    this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				       integer_zero_node);
+	    return;
+	  }
+
+	if (e->allocator)
+	  {
+	    /* Call struct allocator.  */
+	    new_call = d_build_call_expr (e->allocator, NULL_TREE, e->newargs);
+	    new_call = build_nop (build_ctype (tb), new_call);
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Generate: _d_newitemT()  */
+	    libcall_fn libcall = htype->isZeroInit ()
+	      ? LIBCALL_NEWITEMT : LIBCALL_NEWITEMIT;
+	    tree arg = build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->newtype);
+	    new_call = build_libcall (libcall, tb, 1, arg);
+	  }
+
+	if (e->member || !e->arguments)
+	  {
+	    /* Set the context pointer for nested structs.  */
+	    if (sd->isNested ())
+	      {
+		tree value = build_vthis (sd);
+		tree field = get_symbol_decl (sd->vthis);
+		tree type = build_ctype (stype);
+
+		new_call = d_save_expr (new_call);
+		field = component_ref (indirect_ref (type, new_call), field);
+		new_call = compound_expr (modify_expr (field, value), new_call);
+	      }
+
+	    /* Call the struct constructor.  */
+	    if (e->member)
+	      result = d_build_call_expr (e->member, new_call, e->arguments);
+	    else
+	      result = new_call;
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* If we have a user supplied initializer, then set-up with a
+	       struct literal.  */
+	    if (e->arguments != NULL && sd->fields.dim != 0)
+	      {
+		StructLiteralExp *se = StructLiteralExp::create (e->loc, sd,
+								 e->arguments,
+								 htype);
+		new_call = d_save_expr (new_call);
+		se->type = sd->type;
+		se->sym = new_call;
+		result = compound_expr (build_expr (se), new_call);
+	      }
+	    else
+	      result = new_call;
+	  }
+
+	if (e->argprefix)
+	  result = compound_expr (build_expr (e->argprefix), result);
+      }
+    else if (tb->ty == Tarray)
+      {
+	/* Allocating memory for a new D array.  */
+	tb = e->newtype->toBasetype ();
+	gcc_assert (tb->ty == Tarray);
+	TypeDArray *tarray = (TypeDArray *) tb;
+
+	gcc_assert (!e->allocator);
+	gcc_assert (e->arguments && e->arguments->dim >= 1);
+
+	if (e->arguments->dim == 1)
+	  {
+	    /* Single dimension array allocations.  */
+	    Expression *arg = (*e->arguments)[0];
+
+	    if (tarray->next->size () == 0)
+	      {
+		/* Array element size is unknown.  */
+		this->result_ = d_array_value (build_ctype (e->type),
+					       size_int (0), null_pointer_node);
+		return;
+	      }
+
+	    libcall_fn libcall = tarray->next->isZeroInit ()
+	      ? LIBCALL_NEWARRAYT : LIBCALL_NEWARRAYIT;
+	    result = build_libcall (libcall, tb, 2,
+				    build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->type),
+				    build_expr (arg));
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    /* Multidimensional array allocations.  */
+	    vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *elms = NULL;
+	    Type *telem = e->newtype->toBasetype ();
+	    tree tarray = make_array_type (Type::tsize_t, e->arguments->dim);
+	    tree var = create_temporary_var (tarray);
+	    tree init = build_constructor (TREE_TYPE (var), NULL);
+
+	    for (size_t i = 0; i < e->arguments->dim; i++)
+	      {
+		Expression *arg = (*e->arguments)[i];
+		CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (elms, size_int (i), build_expr (arg));
+
+		gcc_assert (telem->ty == Tarray);
+		telem = telem->toBasetype ()->nextOf ();
+		gcc_assert (telem);
+	      }
+
+	    CONSTRUCTOR_ELTS (init) = elms;
+	    DECL_INITIAL (var) = init;
+
+	    /* Generate: _d_newarraymTX(ti, dims)
+		     or: _d_newarraymiTX(ti, dims)  */
+	    libcall_fn libcall = telem->isZeroInit ()
+	      ? LIBCALL_NEWARRAYMTX : LIBCALL_NEWARRAYMITX;
+
+	    tree tinfo = build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->type);
+	    tree dims = d_array_value (build_ctype (Type::tsize_t->arrayOf ()),
+				       size_int (e->arguments->dim),
+				       build_address (var));
+
+	    result = build_libcall (libcall, tb, 2, tinfo, dims);
+	    result = bind_expr (var, result);
+	  }
+
+	if (e->argprefix)
+	  result = compound_expr (build_expr (e->argprefix), result);
+      }
+    else if (tb->ty == Tpointer)
+      {
+	/* Allocating memory for a new pointer.  */
+	TypePointer *tpointer = (TypePointer *) tb;
+
+	if (tpointer->next->size () == 0)
+	  {
+	    /* Pointer element size is unknown.  */
+	    this->result_ = d_convert (build_ctype (e->type),
+				       integer_zero_node);
+	    return;
+	  }
+
+	libcall_fn libcall = tpointer->next->isZeroInit (e->loc)
+	  ? LIBCALL_NEWITEMT : LIBCALL_NEWITEMIT;
+
+	tree arg = build_typeinfo (e->loc, e->newtype);
+	result = build_libcall (libcall, tb, 1, arg);
+
+	if (e->arguments && e->arguments->dim == 1)
+	  {
+	    result = d_save_expr (result);
+	    tree init = modify_expr (build_deref (result),
+				     build_expr ((*e->arguments)[0]));
+	    result = compound_expr (init, result);
+	  }
+
+	if (e->argprefix)
+	  result = compound_expr (build_expr (e->argprefix), result);
+      }
+    else
+      gcc_unreachable ();
+
+    this->result_ = convert_expr (result, tb, e->type);
+  }
+
+  /* Build an integer literal.  */
+
+  void visit (IntegerExp *e)
+  {
+    tree ctype = build_ctype (e->type->toBasetype ());
+    this->result_ = build_integer_cst (e->value, ctype);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a floating-point literal.  */
+
+  void visit (RealExp *e)
+  {
+    this->result_ = build_float_cst (e->value, e->type->toBasetype ());
+  }
+
+  /* Build a complex literal.  */
+
+  void visit (ComplexExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tnext;
+
+    switch (e->type->toBasetype ()->ty)
+      {
+      case Tcomplex32:
+	tnext = (TypeBasic *) Type::tfloat32;
+	break;
+
+      case Tcomplex64:
+	tnext = (TypeBasic *) Type::tfloat64;
+	break;
+
+      case Tcomplex80:
+	tnext = (TypeBasic *) Type::tfloat80;
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	gcc_unreachable ();
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = build_complex (build_ctype (e->type),
+				   build_float_cst (creall (e->value), tnext),
+				   build_float_cst (cimagl (e->value), tnext));
+  }
+
+  /* Build a string literal, all strings are null terminated except for
+     static arrays.  */
+
+  void visit (StringExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype ();
+    tree type = build_ctype (e->type);
+
+    if (tb->ty == Tsarray)
+      {
+	/* Turn the string into a constructor for the static array.  */
+	vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *elms = NULL;
+	vec_safe_reserve (elms, e->len);
+	tree etype = TREE_TYPE (type);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < e->len; i++)
+	  {
+	    tree value = build_integer_cst (e->charAt (i), etype);
+	    CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (elms, size_int (i), value);
+	  }
+
+	tree ctor = build_constructor (type, elms);
+	TREE_CONSTANT (ctor) = 1;
+	this->result_ = ctor;
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Copy the string contents to a null terminated string.  */
+	dinteger_t length = (e->len * e->sz);
+	char *string = XALLOCAVEC (char, length + 1);
+	memcpy (string, e->string, length);
+	string[length] = '\0';
+
+	/* String value and type includes the null terminator.  */
+	tree value = build_string (length, string);
+	TREE_TYPE (value) = make_array_type (tb->nextOf (), length + 1);
+	value = build_address (value);
+
+	if (tb->ty == Tarray)
+	  value = d_array_value (type, size_int (e->len), value);
+
+	TREE_CONSTANT (value) = 1;
+	this->result_ = d_convert (type, value);
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a tuple literal.  Just an argument list that may have
+     side effects that need evaluation.  */
+
+  void visit (TupleExp *e)
+  {
+    tree result = NULL_TREE;
+
+    if (e->e0)
+      result = build_expr (e->e0);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < e->exps->dim; ++i)
+      {
+	Expression *exp = (*e->exps)[i];
+	result = compound_expr (result, build_expr (exp));
+      }
+
+    if (result == NULL_TREE)
+      result = void_node;
+
+    this->result_ = result;
+  }
+
+  /* Build an array literal.  The common type of the all elements is taken to
+     be the type of the array element, and all elements are implicitly
+     converted to that type.  */
+
+  void visit (ArrayLiteralExp *e)
+  {
+    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype ();
+
+    /* Implicitly convert void[n] to ubyte[n].  */
+    if (tb->ty == Tsarray && tb->nextOf ()->toBasetype ()->ty == Tvoid)
+      tb = Type::tuns8->sarrayOf (((TypeSArray *) tb)->dim->toUInteger ());
+
+    gcc_assert (tb->ty == Tarray || tb->ty == Tsarray || tb->ty == Tpointer);
+
+    /* Handle empty array literals.  */
+    if (e->elements->dim == 0)
+      {
+	if (tb->ty == Tarray)
+	  this->result_ = d_array_value (build_ctype (e->type),
+					 size_int (0), null_pointer_node);
+	else
+	  this->result_ = build_constructor (make_array_type (tb->nextOf (), 0),
+					     NULL);
+
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Build an expression that assigns the expressions in ELEMENTS to
+       a constructor.  */
+    vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *elms = NULL;
+    vec_safe_reserve (elms, e->elements->dim);
+    bool constant_p = true;
+    tree saved_elems = NULL_TREE;
+
+    Type *etype = tb->nextOf ();
+    tree satype = make_array_type (etype, e->elements->dim);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < e->elements->dim; i++)
+      {
+	Expression *expr = e->getElement (i);
+	tree value = build_expr (expr, this->constp_);
+
+	/* Only append nonzero values, the backend will zero out the rest
+	   of the constructor as we don't set CONSTRUCTOR_NO_CLEARING.  */
+	if (!initializer_zerop (value))
+	  {
+	    if (!TREE_CONSTANT (value))
+	      constant_p = false;
+
+	    /* Split construction of values out of the constructor if there
+	       may be side effects.  */
+	    tree init = stabilize_expr (&value);
+	    if (init != NULL_TREE)
+	      saved_elems = compound_expr (saved_elems, init);
+
+	    CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (elms, size_int (i),
+				    convert_expr (value, expr->type, etype));
+	  }
+      }
+
+    /* Now return the constructor as the correct type.  For static arrays there
+       is nothing else to do.  For dynamic arrays, return a two field struct.
+       For pointers, return the address.  */
+    tree ctor = build_constructor (satype, elms);
+    tree type = build_ctype (e->type);
+
+    /* Nothing else to do for static arrays.  */
+    if (tb->ty == Tsarray || this->constp_)
+      {
+	/* Can't take the address of the constructor, so create an anonymous
+	   static symbol, and then refer to it.  */
+	if (tb->ty != Tsarray)
+	  {
+	    tree decl = build_artificial_decl (TREE_TYPE (ctor), ctor, "A");
+	    ctor = build_address (decl);
+	    if (tb->ty == Tarray)
+	      ctor = d_array_value (type, size_int (e->elements->dim), ctor);
+
+	    d_pushdecl (decl);
+	    rest_of_decl_compilation (decl, 1, 0);
+	  }
+
+	/* If the array literal is readonly or static.  */
+	if (constant_p)
+	  TREE_CONSTANT (ctor) = 1;
+	if (constant_p && initializer_constant_valid_p (ctor, TREE_TYPE (ctor)))
+	  TREE_STATIC (ctor) = 1;
+
+	this->result_ = compound_expr (saved_elems, d_convert (type, ctor));
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Allocate space on the memory managed heap.  */
+	tree mem = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ARRAYLITERALTX,
+				  etype->pointerTo (), 2,
+				  build_typeinfo (e->loc, etype->arrayOf ()),
+				  size_int (e->elements->dim));
+	mem = d_save_expr (mem);
+
+	/* Now copy the constructor into memory.  */
+	tree tmemcpy = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMCPY);
+	tree size = size_mult_expr (size_int (e->elements->dim),
+				    size_int (tb->nextOf ()->size ()));
+
+	tree result = build_call_expr (tmemcpy, 3, mem,
+				       build_address (ctor), size);
+
+	/* Return the array pointed to by MEM.  */
+	result = compound_expr (result, mem);
+
+	if (tb->ty == Tarray)
+	  result = d_array_value (type, size_int (e->elements->dim), result);
+
+	this->result_ = compound_expr (saved_elems, result);
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build an associative array literal.  The common type of the all keys is
+     taken to be the key type, and common type of all values the value type.
+     All keys and values are then implicitly converted as needed.  */
+
+  void visit (AssocArrayLiteralExp *e)
+  {
+    /* Want the mutable type for typeinfo reference.  */
+    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype ()->mutableOf ();
+    gcc_assert (tb->ty == Taarray);
+
+    /* Handle empty assoc array literals.  */
+    TypeAArray *ta = (TypeAArray *) tb;
+    if (e->keys->dim == 0)
+      {
+	this->result_ = build_constructor (build_ctype (ta), NULL);
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Build an expression that assigns all expressions in KEYS
+       to a constructor.  */
+    vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *kelts = NULL;
+    vec_safe_reserve (kelts, e->keys->dim);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < e->keys->dim; i++)
+      {
+	Expression *key = (*e->keys)[i];
+	tree t = build_expr (key);
+	CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (kelts, size_int (i),
+				convert_expr (t, key->type, ta->index));
+      }
+    tree tkeys = make_array_type (ta->index, e->keys->dim);
+    tree akeys = build_constructor (tkeys, kelts);
+
+    /* Do the same with all expressions in VALUES.  */
+    vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *velts = NULL;
+    vec_safe_reserve (velts, e->values->dim);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < e->values->dim; i++)
+      {
+	Expression *value = (*e->values)[i];
+	tree t = build_expr (value);
+	CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (velts, size_int (i),
+				convert_expr (t, value->type, ta->next));
+      }
+    tree tvals = make_array_type (ta->next, e->values->dim);
+    tree avals = build_constructor (tvals, velts);
+
+    /* Generate: _d_assocarrayliteralTX (ti, keys, vals);  */
+    tree keys = d_array_value (build_ctype (ta->index->arrayOf ()),
+			       size_int (e->keys->dim), build_address (akeys));
+    tree vals = d_array_value (build_ctype (ta->next->arrayOf ()),
+			       size_int (e->values->dim),
+			       build_address (avals));
+
+    tree mem = build_libcall (LIBCALL_ASSOCARRAYLITERALTX, Type::tvoidptr, 3,
+			      build_typeinfo (e->loc, ta), keys, vals);
+
+    /* Return an associative array pointed to by MEM.  */
+    tree aatype = build_ctype (ta);
+    vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *ce = NULL;
+    CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (ce, TYPE_FIELDS (aatype), mem);
+
+    this->result_ = build_nop (build_ctype (e->type),
+			       build_constructor (aatype, ce));
+  }
+
+  /* Build a struct literal.  */
+
+  void visit (StructLiteralExp *e)
+  {
+    /* Handle empty struct literals.  */
+    if (e->elements == NULL || e->sd->fields.dim == 0)
+      {
+	this->result_ = build_constructor (build_ctype (e->type), NULL);
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Building sinit trees are delayed until after frontend semantic
+       processing has complete.  Build the static initializer now.  */
+    if (e->useStaticInit && !this->constp_)
+      {
+	this->result_ = aggregate_initializer_decl (e->sd);
+	return;
+      }
+
+    /* Build a constructor that assigns the expressions in ELEMENTS
+       at each field index that has been filled in.  */
+    vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *ve = NULL;
+    tree saved_elems = NULL_TREE;
+
+    /* CTFE may fill the hidden pointer by NullExp.  */
+    gcc_assert (e->elements->dim <= e->sd->fields.dim);
+
+    Type *tb = e->type->toBasetype ();
+    gcc_assert (tb->ty == Tstruct);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < e->elements->dim; i++)
+      {
+	Expression *exp = (*e->elements)[i];
+	if (!exp)
+	  continue;
+
+	VarDeclaration *field = e->sd->fields[i];
+	Type *type = exp->type->toBasetype ();
+	Type *ftype = field->type->toBasetype ();
+	tree value = NULL_TREE;
+
+	if (ftype->ty == Tsarray && !same_type_p (type, ftype))
+	  {
+	    /* Initialize a static array with a single element.  */
+	    tree elem = build_expr (exp, this->constp_);
+	    elem = d_save_expr (elem);
+
+	    if (initializer_zerop (elem))
+	      value = build_constructor (build_ctype (ftype), NULL);
+	    else
+	      value = build_array_from_val (ftype, elem);
+	  }
+	else
+	  {
+	    value = convert_expr (build_expr (exp, this->constp_),
+				  exp->type, field->type);
+	  }
+
+	/* Split construction of values out of the constructor.  */
+	tree init = stabilize_expr (&value);
+	if (init != NULL_TREE)
+	  saved_elems = compound_expr (saved_elems, init);
+
+	CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (ve, get_symbol_decl (field), value);
+      }
+
+    /* Maybe setup hidden pointer to outer scope context.  */
+    if (e->sd->isNested () && e->elements->dim != e->sd->fields.dim
+	&& this->constp_ == false)
+      {
+	tree field = get_symbol_decl (e->sd->vthis);
+	tree value = build_vthis (e->sd);
+	CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (ve, field, value);
+	gcc_assert (e->useStaticInit == false);
+      }
+
+    /* Build a constructor in the correct shape of the aggregate type.  */
+    tree ctor = build_struct_literal (build_ctype (e->type), ve);
+
+    /* Nothing more to do for constant literals.  */
+    if (this->constp_)
+      {
+	/* If the struct literal is a valid for static data.  */
+	if (TREE_CONSTANT (ctor)
+	    && initializer_constant_valid_p (ctor, TREE_TYPE (ctor)))
+	  TREE_STATIC (ctor) = 1;
+
+	this->result_ = compound_expr (saved_elems, ctor);
+	return;
+      }
+
+    if (e->sym != NULL)
+      {
+	tree var = build_deref (e->sym);
+	ctor = compound_expr (modify_expr (var, ctor), var);
+	this->result_ = compound_expr (saved_elems, ctor);
+      }
+    else if (e->sd->isUnionDeclaration ())
+      {
+	/* For unions, use memset to fill holes in the object.  */
+	tree var = build_local_temp (TREE_TYPE (ctor));
+	tree tmemset = builtin_decl_explicit (BUILT_IN_MEMSET);
+	tree init = build_call_expr (tmemset, 3, build_address (var),
+				     size_zero_node,
+				     size_int (e->sd->structsize));
+
+	init = compound_expr (init, saved_elems);
+	init = compound_expr (init, modify_expr (var, ctor));
+	this->result_  = compound_expr (init, var);
+      }
+    else
+      this->result_ = compound_expr (saved_elems, ctor);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a null literal.  */
+
+  void visit (NullExp *e)
+  {
+    this->result_ = build_typeof_null_value (e->type);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a vector literal.  */
+
+  void visit (VectorExp *e)
+  {
+    tree type = build_ctype (e->type);
+    tree etype = TREE_TYPE (type);
+
+    /* First handle array literal expressions.  */
+    if (e->e1->op == TOKarrayliteral)
+      {
+	ArrayLiteralExp *ale = ((ArrayLiteralExp *) e->e1);
+	vec<constructor_elt, va_gc> *elms = NULL;
+	bool constant_p = true;
+
+	vec_safe_reserve (elms, ale->elements->dim);
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < ale->elements->dim; i++)
+	  {
+	    Expression *expr = ale->getElement (i);
+	    tree value = d_convert (etype, build_expr (expr, this->constp_));
+	    if (!CONSTANT_CLASS_P (value))
+	      constant_p = false;
+
+	    CONSTRUCTOR_APPEND_ELT (elms, size_int (i), value);
+	  }
+
+	/* Build a VECTOR_CST from a constant vector constructor.  */
+	if (constant_p)
+	  this->result_ = build_vector_from_ctor (type, elms);
+	else
+	  this->result_ = build_constructor (type, elms);
+      }
+    else
+      {
+	/* Build constructor from single value.  */
+	tree val = d_convert (etype, build_expr (e->e1, this->constp_));
+	this->result_ = build_vector_from_val (type, val);
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Build a static array representation of a vector expression.  */
+
+  void visit (VectorArrayExp *e)
+  {
+    this->result_ = convert_expr (build_expr (e->e1, this->constp_),
+				  e->e1->type, e->type);
+  }
+
+  /* Build a static class literal, return its reference.  */
+
+  void visit (ClassReferenceExp *e)
+  {
+    /* The result of build_new_class_expr is a RECORD_TYPE, we want
+       the reference.  */
+    tree var = build_address (build_new_class_expr (e));
+
+    /* If the type of this literal is an interface, the we must add the
+       interface offset to symbol.  */
+    if (this->constp_)
+      {
+	TypeClass *tc = (TypeClass *) e->type;
+	InterfaceDeclaration *to = tc->sym->isInterfaceDeclaration ();
+
+	if (to != NULL)
+	  {
+	    ClassDeclaration *from = e->originalClass ();
+	    int offset = 0;
+
+	    gcc_assert (to->isBaseOf (from, &offset) != 0);
+
+	    if (offset != 0)
+	      var = build_offset (var, size_int (offset));
+	  }
+      }
+
+    this->result_ = var;
+  }
+
+  /* These expressions are mainly just a placeholders in the frontend.
+     We shouldn't see them here.  */
+
+  void visit (ScopeExp *e)
+  {
+    error_at (make_location_t (e->loc), "%qs is not an expression",
+	      e->toChars ());
+    this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+  }
+
+  void visit (TypeExp *e)
+  {
+    error_at (make_location_t (e->loc), "type %qs is not an expression",
+	      e->toChars ());
+    this->result_ = error_mark_node;
+  }
+};
+
+
+/* Main entry point for ExprVisitor interface to generate code for
+   the Expression AST class E.  If CONST_P is true, then E is a
+   constant expression.  */
+
+tree
+build_expr (Expression *e, bool const_p)
+{
+  ExprVisitor v = ExprVisitor (const_p);
+  location_t saved_location = input_location;
+
+  input_location = make_location_t (e->loc);
+  e->accept (&v);
+  tree expr = v.result ();
+  input_location = saved_location;
+
+  /* Check if initializer expression is valid constant.  */
+  if (const_p && !initializer_constant_valid_p (expr, TREE_TYPE (expr)))
+    {
+      error_at (make_location_t (e->loc), "non-constant expression %qs",
+		e->toChars ());
+      return error_mark_node;
+    }
+
+  return expr;
+}
+
+/* Same as build_expr, but also calls destructors on any temporaries.  */
+
+tree
+build_expr_dtor (Expression *e)
+{
+  /* Codegen can be improved by determining if no exceptions can be thrown
+     between the ctor and dtor, and eliminating the ctor and dtor.  */
+  size_t saved_vars = vec_safe_length (d_function_chain->vars_in_scope);
+  tree result = build_expr (e);
+
+  if (saved_vars != vec_safe_length (d_function_chain->vars_in_scope))
+    {
+      result = fold_build_cleanup_point_expr (TREE_TYPE (result), result);
+      vec_safe_truncate (d_function_chain->vars_in_scope, saved_vars);
+    }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/* Same as build_expr_dtor, but handles the result of E as a return value.  */
+
+tree
+build_return_dtor (Expression *e, Type *type, TypeFunction *tf)
+{
+  size_t saved_vars = vec_safe_length (d_function_chain->vars_in_scope);
+  tree result = build_expr (e);
+
+  /* Convert for initializing the DECL_RESULT.  */
+  result = convert_expr (result, e->type, type);
+
+  /* If we are returning a reference, take the address.  */
+  if (tf->isref)
+    result = build_address (result);
+
+  /* The decl to store the return expression.  */
+  tree decl = DECL_RESULT (cfun->decl);
+
+  /* Split comma expressions, so that the result is returned directly.  */
+  tree expr = stabilize_expr (&result);
+  result = build_assign (INIT_EXPR, decl, result);
+  result = compound_expr (expr, return_expr (result));
+
+  /* May nest the return expression inside the try/finally expression.  */
+  if (saved_vars != vec_safe_length (d_function_chain->vars_in_scope))
+    {
+      result = fold_build_cleanup_point_expr (TREE_TYPE (result), result);
+      vec_safe_truncate (d_function_chain->vars_in_scope, saved_vars);
+    }
+
+  return result;
+}
+