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add section of conclusions
author Daichi TOMA <toma@cr.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
date Mon, 23 Jul 2012 00:23:02 +0900
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1 \documentclass[twocolumn,twoside,9.5pt]{article}
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2 \usepackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx}
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3 \usepackage{url}
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4 \usepackage{picins}
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5 \usepackage{fancyhdr}
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6 \pagestyle{fancy}
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7 \lhead{\parpic{\includegraphics[height=1zw,clip,keepaspectratio]{pic/emblem-bitmap.eps}}Technical Reading \& Writing}
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8 \rhead{}
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9 \cfoot{}
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11 \setlength{\topmargin}{-1in \addtolength{\topmargin}{15mm}}
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12 \setlength{\headheight}{0mm}
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13 \setlength{\headsep}{5mm}
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14 \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-1in \addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{15mm}}
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15 \setlength{\evensidemargin}{-1in \addtolength{\evensidemargin}{15mm}}
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16 \setlength{\textwidth}{181mm}
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17 \setlength{\textheight}{261mm}
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18 \setlength{\footskip}{0mm}
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19 \pagestyle{empty}
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21 \begin{document}
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22 \title{Implementation of Cerium Parallel Task Manager on Multi-core}
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23 \author{128569G Daichi TOMA}
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24 \date{}
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25 \maketitle
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26 \thispagestyle{fancy}
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27
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28 \section{Introduction}
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29 We have developed Cerium Task Manager\cite{gongo:2008a} that is a Game Framework on the PlayStation 3/Cell\cite{cell}.
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30 Cerium Task Manager new supporting parallel execution on Mac OS X and Linux.
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31 In this paper, we described implementation of existing Cerium Task Manager and a new parallel execution.
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32
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33 \section{Cerium Task Manager}\label{section:cerium}
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34
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35 Cerium Task Manager is a game framework has been developed for the Cell, and include the Rendering Engine.
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36 In Cerium Task Manager, parallel processing is described as a task.
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37 The task usually consists of a function or subroutine. also the task is setted data inputs, data outputs and dependencies.
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38 Cerium Task Manager managed those tasks, and execute.
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39
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40 Cerium Task Manager is available on PlayStaiton 3, Linux, Max OSX,
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41 furthermore run the same programs on each platform.
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42 Therefore, to write a programs that does not depend on the architecture is possible.
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43
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44 Cerium Task Manager configure pipeline at various levels of the program,
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45 thus performance improvement. (Figure \ref{fig:scheduler}).
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47 The task is very simple because only calculate data outputs from data inputs;
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48 nevertheless to switch to those data inputs and outputs as double buffering,
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49 To generate gradually so as to obtain concurrency is very complicate.
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50
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51 Additionally, these data management, it is necessary to the operation that specializes in architecture using parallel execution.\cite{yutaka:2011b}
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52 Cerium Task Manager helps to do to such operation,
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53 therefore be able to concentrate on the implementation of parallel computation.
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54
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55 \begin{figure}[h]
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56 \begin{center}
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57 \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{./pic/scheduler.pdf}
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58 \end{center}
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59 \caption{Scheduler}
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60 \label{fig:scheduler}
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61 \end{figure}
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62
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63 % Cell の説明いれる
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64
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65 % \subsection{Mailbox}
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66 % Mailbox は, Cell の機能の1つである.
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67 % Mailbox は, PPE と SPE の間を双方向で, 32 bit メッセージの受け渡しが可能であり,
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68 % FIFO キュー構造になっている.
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70 \section{mechanism of parallel execution on multi-core}\label{section:impl}
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72 If on a PlayStation 3, Task is assigned to each SPE, then to be executed in parallel.
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73 Cerium Task Manager possible to be executed in parallel on Mac OSX and Linux anew.
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74
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75 We implement a synchronized queue on Mac OS X and Linux.
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76 The synchronized queue corresponds to the Mailbox on Playstation 3.
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77 For only one thread use the synchronized queue, that was managed by a binary semaphore.
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78 Each threads has two synchronized queues for input and output,
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79 be able to execute in parallel tasks was received under managment thread.
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80
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81 Furthermore, because multicore available the same memory space in comparison with Playstation 3,
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82 we modified to pass the pointer a spots that were using the transfer DMA, aimed to improve the speed.
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83
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84 \section{Benchmark}
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85
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86 Performance was measured using the example of Word Count, Sort and Prime Counter.
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87 Word Count is to count number of words in the 100MBtext file.
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88 Sort is to sort in one hundred thousand pieces of numeric.
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89 Prime Counter is to enumerate all the prime numbers in the range of up to one million.
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90 for comparsion performance was measured using the same example in PlayStation 3.
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91 Both the optimization level is at the maximum.
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92
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93 The results are shown in Table \ref{table:benchmark}.
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94
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95 {\bf Experiment environment}
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96
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97 CentOS/Xeon
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98 \begin{small}
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99 \begin{itemize}\small
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100 \item OS : CentOS 6.0
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101 \item CPU : Intel\textregistered Xeon\textregistered X5650 @2.67GHz * 2
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102 \item Memory : 128GB
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103 \item Compiler : GCC 4.4.4
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104 \end{itemize}
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105 \end{small}
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106
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107 PlayStation 3/Cell
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108 \begin{small}
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109 \begin{itemize}\small
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110 \item OS : Yellow Dog Linux 6.1
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111 \item CPU : Cell Broadband Engine @ 3.2GHz
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112 \item Memory : 256MB
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113 \item Compiler : GCC 4.1.2
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114 \end{itemize}
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115 \end{small}
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116
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117
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118 \begin{tiny}
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119 \begin{table}[h]
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120 \caption{Benchmark}
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121 \label{table:benchmark}
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122 \small
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123 \begin{tabular}[t]{c||r|r|r}
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124 \hline
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125 & Word Count & Sort & Prime Counter\\
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126 \hline\hline
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127 1 CPU (Cell)& 2381 ms & 6244 ms & 2081 ms \\
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128 \hline
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129 6 CPU (Cell)& 1268 ms & 1111 ms & 604 ms\\
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130 \hline
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131 1 CPU (Xeon)& 354 ms & 846 ms & 266 ms\\
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132 \hline
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133 6 CPU (Xeon)& 70 ms & 163 ms & 50 ms\\
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134 \hline
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135 12 CPU (Xeon)& 48 ms & 127 ms & 36 ms\\
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136 \hline
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137 24 CPU (Xeon)& 40 ms & 100 ms & 31 ms\\
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138 \hline
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139 \end{tabular}
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140 \end{table}
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141 \end{tiny}
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142
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143 % Word Count 354 / 70 = 5.0571
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144 % Sort 846 / 163 = 5.1901
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145 % Prime Counter 266 / 50 = 5.32
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146
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147 We use 6 CPU on CentOS, as compared with the case using 1 CPU,
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148 about 5.1 times the speed improvement in the example of WordCount,
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149 about 5.2 times the speed improvement in the example of Sort,
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150 about 5.3 times the speed improvement in the example of Prime Counter.
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151 If we use 24 CPU, the speed is rising as compared with the case using 12 CPU, however, the speed improvement rate is down.
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152 This is probably concurrency is low, and that seems to be grinding to a halt speed improvement from Amdahl's law\cite{amdahl}.
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153 Improvement of parallelization rate is a challenge for the future.
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154
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155 % また, 図\ref{fig:multi_result}より, 台数効果が確認できる.
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156
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157 \section{Conclusions}
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158 In this paper, we describe a new mechanism of parallel execution and implementation of existing Cerium Task Manager.
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159 By using a new implementation mechanism of parallel execution, You can correspond to a multi-core processor environment on Mac OSX and Linux.
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160
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161 To improve the rate of speed as future work when the number of processors has increased.
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162 In addition, Cerium Task Manager has many type of task, is a drawback of such description.
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163 This can be solved by the system description the dependency of the task rather than on the user side.
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164
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165 \nocite{cell_abi, opencl}
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166 % \nocite{yutaka:2010a, cell_abi, cell_cpp, cell_sdk, libspe2, ydl, clay200912, fix200609}
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167 \bibliographystyle{junsrt}
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168 \bibliography{cerium.bib,book.bib}
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169
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170 \end{document}