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Modified description of network topology
author Nobuyasu Oshiro <dimolto@cr.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
date Tue, 28 Jan 2014 01:49:44 +0900
parents 7a829a3c2e19
children 65bd1b1250e9
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1 \chapter{木構造データベースJungleの分散設計}
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2 Jungle はスケーラビリティのある CMS の開発を目指して当研究室で開発されている非破壊的木構造データベースである.
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3 一般的なコンテンツマネジメントシステムではブログツールや Wiki・SNS が多く, これらの
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4 ウェブサイトの構造は大体が木構造であるため, データ構造として木構造を採用している.
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5 現在 Java と Haskell によりそれぞれ言語で開発されており本研究で扱うのは Java 版である.
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7 本章ではまず破壊的木構造と, 非破壊的木構造の説明をし, Jungle におけるデータ分散の設計について述べる.
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8 \subsection{破壊的木構造}
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9 破壊的木構造の編集は, 木構造で保持しているデータを直接書き換えることで行う.
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10 図\ref{fig:destractive}は破壊的木構造の編集を表している.
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12 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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13 \begin{center}
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14 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/destructive_tree.pdf}
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15 \caption{破壊的木構造の編集}
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16 \label{fig:destractive}
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17 \end{center}
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18 \end{figure}
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20 破壊的木構造は, 編集を行う際に木のロックを掛ける必要がある.
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21 この時, データを受け取ろうと木を走査するスレッドは書き換えの終了を待つ必要があり, 閲覧者が
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22 いる場合は木の走査が終わるまで書き換えをまたなければならない.
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23 これではロックによりスケーラビリティが損なわれてしまう.
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25 \subsection{非破壊的木構造}
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26 非破壊的木構造は破壊的木構造とは違い, 一度作成した木を破壊することはない.
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27 非破壊的木構造においてデータの編集は, ルートから編集を行うノードまでコピーを
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28 行い新しく木構造を作成することで行われる.
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29 図\ref{fig:nondestractive}は非破壊的木構造のデータ編集を示している.
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31 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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32 \begin{center}
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33 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_tree.pdf}
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34 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集}
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35 \label{fig:nondestractive}
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36 \end{center}
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37 \end{figure}
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39 非破壊的木構造におけるデータ編集の手順を以下に示す.
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41 \begin{enumerate}
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42 \item ルートから編集を行うノードまでのパスを調べる(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit1}).
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43 \item 編集を行うノードのコピーをとる. コピーをとったノードへデータの編集を行う(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit2}).
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44 \item 調べたパスに従いルートからコピーしたノードまでの間のノードのコピーをとり繋げる(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit3}).
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45 \item コピーしたルートノードは編集を行っていないノードへの参照を貼り新しい木構造を作る(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit4}).
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46 \end{enumerate}
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48 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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49 \begin{center}
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50 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit1.pdf}
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51 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集手順1}
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52 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit1}
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53 \end{center}
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54 \end{figure}
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56 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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57 \begin{center}
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58 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit2.pdf}
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59 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集手順2}
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60 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit2}
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61 \end{center}
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62 \end{figure}
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63
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64 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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65 \begin{center}
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66 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit3.pdf}
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67 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集手順3}
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68 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit3}
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69 \end{center}
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70 \end{figure}
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72 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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73 \begin{center}
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74 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit4.pdf}
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75 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集手順4}
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76 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit4}
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77 \end{center}
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78 \end{figure}
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80 \newpage
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81
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82 非破壊的木構造においてデータのロックが必要となる部分は, 木のコピーを作終えた後に
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83 ルートノードを更新するときだけである.
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84 データ編集を行っている間ロックが必要な破壊的木構造に比べ, 編集中においてもデータの読み込みが
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85 可能である(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_merit}).
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86 そのため, 破壊的木構造に比べスケールがしやすくなっている.
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87
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88 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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89 \begin{center}
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90 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_merit.pdf}
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91 \caption{非破壊的木構造による利点}
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92 \label{fig:nondestractive_merit}
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93 \end{center}
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94 \end{figure}
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96
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97 \section{Jungle におけるデータへのアクセス}
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98 Jungle ではデータをそれぞれの Node が attribute として保持する.
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99 attribute は String 型の Key と ByteBuffer の value のペアにより表される.
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100 Jungle でデータへのアクセスは, この Node へのアクセスをさす.
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101 Node へのアクセスは, 木の名前と Node を指すパスにより行える.
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102 このパスは NodePath と呼ばれる(図\ref{fig:nodepath}).
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103
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104 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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105 \begin{center}
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106 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/nodepath.pdf}
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107 \caption{Node の attribute と NodePath}
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108 \label{fig:nodepath}
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109 \end{center}
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110 \end{figure}
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111
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112
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113
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114 \section{Jungle におけるデータ編集}
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115
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116 \subsection{NodeOperation}
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117 Jungle による最小のデータ編集は Node の編集を指す.
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118 Node 編集のために API が用意されており, この API は NodeOperation と呼ばれる.
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119 NodeOperation には次の4つの API が用意されている.
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120 \begin{itemize}
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121 \item \verb|addNewChild(NodePath _path, int _pos)|
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122 NodePath で指定された Node に子供となる Node を追加する API である.
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123 pos で指定された番号に子供として追加を行う.
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124 \item \verb|deleteChildAt(NodePath _path, int _pos)|
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125 NodePath と pos により指定される Node を削除する API である.
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126 \item \verb|putAttribute(NodePath _path, String _key, ByteBuffer _value)|
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127 Node に attribute を追加する API である.
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128 NodePath は attribute を追加する Node を指す.
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129 \item \verb|deleteAttribute(NodePath _path, String _key)|
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130 \verb|_key| が示す attribute の削除を行う API である.
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131 NodePath は Node を示す.
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132 \end{itemize}
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133
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134 NodeOperation はあくまで最小のデータ編集の単位である.
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135 アプリケーションレベルの実装にもよるが, Jungle によるデータの編集は NodeOperation が複数集まった単位によって行われる.
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136 この複数の NodeOperation の集まりを TreeOperationLog という.
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137
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138 \subsection{TreeOperationLog}
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139 Jungle 内部では NodeOperation は順次ログに積まれていき, 最終的に
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140 commit されることで編集が完了する.
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141 この時, ログに積まれた複数の NodeOperation は TreeOperationLog として扱われる.
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142 以下に TreeOperationLog の具体的な例を示す(\ref{src:treelog}).
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143 \begin{lstlisting}[frame=lrbt,label=src:treelog,caption=トポロジーマネージャーの利用,numbers=left]
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144 [APPEND_CHILD:<-1>:pos:0]
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145 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,0>:key:author,value:oshiro]
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146 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,0>:key:mes,value:hello]
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147 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,0>:key:timestamp,value:0]
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148 \end{lstlisting}
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149 このログは今回の研究で使用したベンチマーク用掲示板プログラムにおける書き込みにより行われるログである(図\ref{fig:treeoperationlog}).
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150
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151 大文字の英字は実行した NodeOperation の種類を表す.
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152 \verb|<>| により囲まれている数字は NodePath を示す.
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153 NodePath の表記以降は Node の position や attribute の情報を表している.
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154 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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155 \begin{center}
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156 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/treeoperationlog1.pdf}
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157 \caption{TreeOperationLog の具体例}
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158 \label{fig:treeoperationlog}
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159 \end{center}
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160 \end{figure}
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161
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162 図\ref{fig:treeoperationlog}の説明を行う.
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163 まず, \verb|APPEND_CHILD| により Root Node の 0 番目の子供となる Node の追加を行う.
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164 次に, 追加を行った Node に対して \verb|PUT_ATTRIBUTE| により attribute の情報を持たせていく.
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165 attribute の内容に作者の情報を表す auther, メッセージの内容を表す mes, そしてタイムスタンプ
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166 を timestamp とそれぞれキーにすることで追加される.
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167
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168 以上が掲示板プログラムにおける1つの書き込みで発生する TreeOperationLog である.
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169
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170 \section{分散バージョン管理システムによるデータの分散}
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171 Jungle は Git や Mercurial といった分散バージョン管理システムの機能を参考に作られている.
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172 分散バージョン管理システムとは, 多人数によるソフトウェア開発において変更履歴を管理するシステムである.
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173 % 反対の意味の言葉として集中型バージョン管理システムがある.
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174 分散管理システムでは開発者それぞれがローカルにリポジトリのクローンを持ち, 開発はこのリポジトリを通すことで進められる(図\ref{fig:distributed_repo}).
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175 ローカルのリポジトリは独立に損刺し, サーバ上にあるリポジトリや他人のリポジトリで行われた変更履歴を取り込みアップデートにかけることができる.
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176 また逆に, ローカルのリポジトリに開発者自身がかけたアップデートを他のリポジトリへと反映させることもできる.
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177 分散管理システムでは, どれかリポジトリが壊れたとしても, 別のリポジトリからクローンを行うことができる.
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178 ネットワークに障害が発生しても, ローカルにある編集履歴をネットワーク復旧後に伝えることができる.
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179 そのため, 可用性と分断耐性が高いと言える.
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180 % 分散管理システムは結果整合性をとることを述べる.
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181 % 結果整合性の話を先にどっかでしたほうがいいかも
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182 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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183 \begin{center}
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184 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/distributed_repository.pdf}
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185 \caption{分散バージョン管理システム}
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186 \label{fig:distributed_repo}
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187 \end{center}
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188 \end{figure}
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189
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190
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191 \subsection{マージによるデータ変更衝突の解決}
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192 分散管理システムでは, データの更新時において衝突が発生する時がある.
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193 それは, 分散管理システムを参考にしている Jungle においても起こる問題である.
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194 データの変更を行うときには, 元のデータに編集が加えられている状態かもしれない.
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195 Jungle はリクエストがきた場合, 現在もっているデータを返す.
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196 そのためデータは最新のものであるかは保証されない.
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197 この場合, 古いデータに編集が加えられ, それを更に最新のデータへ伝搬させなければならない.
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198 このように他のリポジトリにより先にデータ編集が行われており, データの伝搬が素直にできない状態を
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199 衝突という.
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200 この衝突を解決する手段が必要である.
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201 分散管理システムでは衝突に対してマージと呼ばれる作業で解決をはかる.
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202 マージは, 相手のリポジトリのデータ編集履歴を受け取り, ローカルにあるリポジトリの編集と合わせる作業である.
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203 データ衝突に対して Jungle はアプリケーションレベルでのマージを実装して貰うことで解決をはかる.
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204
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205
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206 \newpage
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207
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208 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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209 \begin{center}
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210 \includegraphics[scale=0.48]{figures/tree_conflict.pdf}
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211 \caption{衝突の発生しないデータ編集}
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212 \label{fig:tree_conflict1}
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213 \end{center}
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214 \end{figure}
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215
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216 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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217 \begin{center}
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218 \includegraphics[scale=0.48]{figures/tree_conflict3.pdf}
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219 \caption{自然に衝突を解決できるデータ編集}
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220 \label{fig:tree_conflict1}
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221 \end{center}
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222 \end{figure}
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223
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224 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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225 \begin{center}
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226 \includegraphics[scale=0.48]{figures/tree_conflict2.pdf}
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227 \caption{衝突が発生するデータ編集}
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228 \label{fig:tree_conflict2}
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229 \end{center}
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230 \end{figure}
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231
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232 \newpage
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233
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234 \section{ネットワークトポロジーの形成}
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235 分散管理システムを参考に Jungle でもそれぞれのデータベースが独立に
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236 動くようにしたい.
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237 そのために必要なことはトポロジーの形成と, サーバノード間でのデータアクセス機構である.
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238 また, データ分散のために形成したトポロジー上で扱うデータを決めなければならない.
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239
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240
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241 \subsection{ツリートポロジーの形成}
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242 分散データーベス Jungle で形成されるネットワークトポロジーはツリー構造を想定している.
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243 ツリー構造ならば, データの整合性をとる場合, 一度トップまでデータを伝搬させることで行える.
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244 トップもしくはトップまでの間にあるサーバノードでデータ伝搬中に衝突が発生したらマージを行い, マージの結果を改めて伝搬すれば
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245 よいからである.
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246 また, リング型, スター型, メッシュ側ではデータ編集の結果を他サーバノードに流すとき
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247 流したデータが自分自身にくることにより発生するループに気をつける必要がある.
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248 ツリー構造の場合は, サーバノード同士の繋がりで閉路が無い.
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249 そのため, 自分自身が行ったデータ編集の履歴を繋がっているノードに送信するだけですむ.
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250 このルーティングの方式はスプリットホライズンと呼ばれるものである.
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251
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252 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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253 \begin{center}
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254 \includegraphics[scale=0.70]{figures/network_topology_tree.pdf}
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255 \caption{ツリー型のNetwork Topology}
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256 \label{fig:topology_tree}
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257 \end{center}
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258 \end{figure}
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259
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260
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261 \subsection{トポロジーの形成手段}
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262 Jungle で使用するネットワークトポロジーはツリー型を考えているが, リング型やメッシュ型といった
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263 他のネットワークトポロジーによる実装に関しても試す余地はある.
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264 そのため, ツリーだけでなく, 自由にネットワークトポロジーの形成を行えるようにしたい.
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265
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266 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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267 \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
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268 \begin{center}
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269 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/network_topology_ring.pdf}
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270 \caption{リング型のトポロジー}
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271 \label{fig:topology_ring}
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272 \end{center}
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273 \end{minipage}
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274 \begin{minipage}{0.5\hsize}
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275 \begin{center}
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276 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/topology_mesh.pdf}
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277 \caption{メッシュ型のトポロジー}
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278 \label{fig:topology_mesh}
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279 \end{center}
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280 \end{minipage}
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281 \end{figure}
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282
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283 そこで当研究室で開発を行っている並列分散フレームワークである Alice を使用する.
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284 Alice はトポロジー形成とネットワーク上でのデータ送受信のための機能を提供する.
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285
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286 % トポロジー形成の説明をする. 重要さなども。
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287 % トポロジーの形成は容易ではない.
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288 % Alice が必要な機能を提供してくれることを述べる
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289 % Alice はトポロジー形成の機能を提供している
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290 % トポロジー間でのデータの受け渡す機能も提供している
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291
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292
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293 \section{並列分散フレームワークAlice}
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294 Alice は当研究室で開発している並列分散フレームワークである.
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295 Alice はデータを DataSegment, コードを CodeSegment という単位で扱うプログラミングを提供している.
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296 DataSegment として扱われるデータは
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297
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298 % DataSegment, CodeSegment はなしにしたほうがいいかもしれない. Alice が論文の主題じゃないから
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299 % それとこの2つの説明をするとしたら結構な量になる
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300
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301
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302 \section{データの永続性}
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303 % TreeOperationLog(ログ)をシリアライズ可能な形にしてデータをおくること
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304 % シリアライズできる形にしたものをそのままHDに書き出すだけでログの永続性は行える
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305
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306
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307 \section{CAP 定理と Jungle}
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308 ここまでの Jungle の設計を踏まえて, CAP 定理における Jungle の立ち位置を考える.
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309 分散管理バージョンのように独立したリポジトリもち, それぞれが独自の変更を加えることが
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310 行えることで一貫性はゆるい.
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311 だが, ネットワークから切断されてもローカルで行ったデータの変更をネットワーク復旧後で伝搬できる
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312 ことと, リクエストに対し持っているデータをすぐに返すことができる.
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313 つまり Jungle は可用性と分断耐性に優れたデータベースを目指している.
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314 第2章で紹介した既存のデータベースと Jungle との CAP 定理の関係を図\ref{fig:cap_theorem}に示す.
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315
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316 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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317 \begin{center}
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318 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/cap_theorem.pdf}
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319 \caption{CAP 定理における各データベースの立ち位置}
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320 \label{fig:cap_theorem}
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321 \end{center}
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322 \end{figure}
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323
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324
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325
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326
26
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327