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author Nobuyasu Oshiro <dimolto@cr.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
date Mon, 27 Jan 2014 14:54:34 +0900
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1 \chapter{木構造データベースJungleの分散設計}
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5 \section{木構造データベースJungle}
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6 Jungle はスケーラビリティのある CMS の開発を目指して当研究室で開発されている非破壊的木構造データベースである.
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7 一般的なコンテンツマネジメントシステムではブログツールや Wiki・SNS が多く, これらの
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8 ウェブサイトの構造は大体が木構造であるため, データ構造として木構造を採用している.
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10 まず破壊的木構造と, 非破壊的木構造の説明をし, Jungle におけるデータ編集の実装について述べる.
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11 \subsection{破壊的木構造}
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12 破壊的木構造の編集は, 木構造で保持しているデータを直接書き換えることで行う.
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13 図\ref{fig:destractive}は破壊的木構造の編集を表している.
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15 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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16 \begin{center}
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17 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/destructive_tree.pdf}
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18 \caption{破壊的木構造の編集}
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19 \label{fig:destractive}
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20 \end{center}
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21 \end{figure}
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23 破壊的木構造は, 編集を行う際に木のロックを掛ける必要がある.
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24 この時, データを受け取ろうと木を走査するスレッドは書き換えの終了を待つ必要があり, 閲覧者が
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25 いる場合は木の走査が終わるまで書き換えをまたなければならない.
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26 これではロックによりスケーラビリティが損なわれてしまう.
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28 \subsection{非破壊的木構造}
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29 非破壊的木構造は破壊的木構造とは違い, 一度作成した木を破壊することはない.
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30 非破壊的木構造においてデータの編集は, ルートから編集を行うノードまでコピーを
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31 行い新しく木構造を作成することで行われる.
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32 図\ref{fig:nondestractive}は非破壊的木構造のデータ編集を示している.
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34 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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35 \begin{center}
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36 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_tree.pdf}
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37 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集}
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38 \label{fig:nondestractive}
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39 \end{center}
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40 \end{figure}
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42 非破壊的木構造におけるデータ編集の手順を以下に示す.
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44 \begin{enumerate}
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45 \item ルートから編集を行うノードまでのパスを調べる(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit1}).
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46 \item 編集を行うノードのコピーをとる. コピーをとったノードへデータの編集を行う(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit2}).
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47 \item 調べたパスに従いルートからコピーしたノードまでの間のノードのコピーをとり繋げる(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit3}).
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48 \item コピーしたルートノードは編集を行っていないノードへの参照を貼り新しい木構造を作る(図\ref{fig:nondestractive_edit4}).
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49 \end{enumerate}
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51 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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52 \begin{center}
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53 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit1.pdf}
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54 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集1}
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55 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit1}
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56 \end{center}
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57 \end{figure}
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59 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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60 \begin{center}
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61 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit2.pdf}
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62 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集2}
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63 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit2}
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64 \end{center}
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65 \end{figure}
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66
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67 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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68 \begin{center}
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69 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit3.pdf}
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70 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集3}
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71 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit3}
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72 \end{center}
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73 \end{figure}
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75 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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76 \begin{center}
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77 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_edit4.pdf}
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78 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集4}
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79 \label{fig:nondestractive_edit4}
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80 \end{center}
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81 \end{figure}
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83 \newpage
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85 非破壊的木構造により, データの読み込みと編集を同時に行うことが可能になる.
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87 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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88 \begin{center}
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89 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/non_destructive_merit.pdf}
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90 \caption{非破壊的木構造による利点}
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91 \label{fig:nondestractive_merit}
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92 \end{center}
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93 \end{figure}
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97 \section{Jungleにおけるデータ編集}
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98 Jungle ではデータをそれぞれの Node が attribute として保持する.
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99 attribute は String 型の Key と ByteBuffer の value のペアにより表される.
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100 Jungle でデータ編集を行う場合, この Node に対して削除や attribute の追加等を行うことを指す.
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101 どの Node へデータの編集を行うかはパスで示す.
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102 このパスは NodePath と呼ばれる(図\ref{fig:nodepath}).
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104 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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105 \begin{center}
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106 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/nodepath.pdf}
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107 \caption{Node の attribute と NodePath}
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108 \label{fig:nodepath}
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109 \end{center}
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110 \end{figure}
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111
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112 Node の編集は Node の追加・削除, それと attribute の追加・削除を行うことを指す.
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113 Node の編集のためには次の4つの API が用意されている.
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114 \begin{itemize}
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115 \item \verb|addNewChild(NodePath _path, int _pos)|
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116 NodePath で指定された Node に子供となる Node を追加する API である.
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117 pos で指定された番号に子供として追加を行う.
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118 \item \verb|deleteChildAt(NodePath _path, int _pos)|
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119 NodePath と pos により指定される Node を削除する API である.
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120 \item \verb|putAttribute(NodePath _path, String _key, ByteBuffer _value)|
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121 Node に attribute を追加する API である.
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122 NodePath は attribute を追加する Node を指す.
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123 \item \verb|deleteAttribute(NodePath _path, String _key)|
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124 \verb|_key| が示す attribute の削除を行う API である.
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125 NodePath は Node を示す.
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126 \end{itemize}
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127
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128 この Node 編集の為の API は NodeOperation と呼ばれる.
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129 \subsection{TreeOperationLog}
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130 API を使用すると, Jungle 内部では NodeOperation として順次ログに積まれていき, 最終的に
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131 commit されることで編集が行われる.
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132 この時ログに積まれる複数の NodeOperation を TreeOperationLog という.
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133 Jungle ではこの TreeOperationLog 単位でデータの編集が行われる.
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134 以下に TreeOperationLog の具体的な例を示す(\ref{src:treelog}).
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135 \begin{lstlisting}[frame=lrbt,label=src:treelog,caption=トポロジーマネージャーの利用,numbers=left]
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136 [APPEND_CHILD:<-1>:pos:0]
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137 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:author,value:oshiro]
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138 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:mes,value:hello]
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139 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:key,value:hoge]
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140 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:timestamp,value:0]
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141 \end{lstlisting}
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142 このログは今回の研究で使用したベンチマーク用掲示板プログラムにおける書き込みにより行われるログである(図\ref{fig:treeoperationlog}).
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143
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144 大文字の英字は実行した NodeOperation を表す.
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145 <> により囲まれている数字は NodePath を示す.
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146 NodePath の表記以降は Node の position や attribute の情報を表している.
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147 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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148 \begin{center}
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149 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/treeoperationlog1.pdf}
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150 \caption{TreeOperationLog の具体例}
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151 \label{fig:treeoperationlog}
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152 \end{center}
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153 \end{figure}
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154
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155
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156
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157 \section{分散バージョン管理システムによるデータの分散}
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158 Jungle は Git や Mercurial といった分散バージョン管理システムの機能を参考に作られている.
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159 分散バージョン管理システムとは, 多人数によるソフトウェア開発において変更履歴を管理するシステムである.
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160 % 反対の意味の言葉として集中型バージョン管理システムがある.
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161 分散管理システムでは開発者それぞれがローカルにリポジトリのクローンを持ち, 開発はこのリポジトリを通すことで進められる(図\ref{fig:distributed_repo}).
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162 ローカルのリポジトリは独立に損刺し, サーバ上にあるリポジトリや他人のリポジトリで行われた変更履歴を取り込みアップデートにかけることができる.
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163 また逆に, ローカルのリポジトリに開発者自身がかけたアップデートを他のリポジトリへと反映させることもできる.
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164 分散管理システムでは, どれかリポジトリが壊れたとしても, 別のリポジトリからクローンを行うことができる.
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165 ネットワークに障害が発生しても, ローカルにある編集履歴をネットワーク復旧後に伝えることができる.
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166 そのため, 可用性と分断耐性が高いと言える.
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167 % 分散管理システムは結果整合性をとることを述べる.
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168 % 結果整合性の話を先にどっかでしたほうがいいかも
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169 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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170 \begin{center}
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171 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/distributed_repository.pdf}
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172 \caption{分散バージョン管理システム}
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173 \label{fig:distributed_repo}
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174 \end{center}
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175 \end{figure}
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176
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177
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178
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179 \subsection{マージによるデータ変更衝突の解決}
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180 分散管理システムでは, データの更新時において衝突が発生する時がある.
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181 それは, 分散管理システムを参考にしている Jungle においても起こる問題である.
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182 データの変更を行うときには, 元のデータに編集が加えられている状態かもしれない.
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183 Jungle はリクエストがきた場合, 現在もっているデータを返す.
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184 そのためデータは最新のものであるかは保証されない.
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185 この場合, 古いデータに編集が加えられ, それを更に最新のデータへ伝搬させなければならない.
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186 このように他のリポジトリにより先にデータ編集が行われており, データの伝搬が素直にできない状態を
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187 衝突という.
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188 この衝突を解決する手段が必要である.
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189 分散管理システムでは衝突に対してマージと呼ばれる作業で解決をはかる.
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190 マージは, 相手のリポジトリのデータ編集履歴を受け取り, ローカルにあるリポジトリの編集と合わせる作業である.
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191 データ衝突に対して Jungle はアプリケーションレベルでのマージを実装して貰うことで解決をはかる.
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192
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193
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194 \newpage
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195
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196 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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197 \begin{center}
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198 \includegraphics[scale=0.48]{figures/tree_conflict.pdf}
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199 \caption{衝突の発生しないデータ編集}
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200 \label{fig:tree_conflict1}
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201 \end{center}
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202 \end{figure}
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203
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204 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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205 \begin{center}
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206 \includegraphics[scale=0.48]{figures/tree_conflict3.pdf}
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207 \caption{自然に衝突を解決できるデータ編集}
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208 \label{fig:tree_conflict1}
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209 \end{center}
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210 \end{figure}
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211
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212 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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213 \begin{center}
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214 \includegraphics[scale=0.48]{figures/tree_conflict2.pdf}
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215 \caption{衝突が発生するデータ編集}
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216 \label{fig:tree_conflict2}
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217 \end{center}
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218 \end{figure}
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220 \newpage
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225 \section{データの永続性}
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230 \section{CAP 定理と Jungle}
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231
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232 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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233 \begin{center}
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234 \includegraphics[scale=0.7]{figures/cap_theorem.pdf}
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235 \caption{CAP 定理における各データベースの立ち位置}
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236 \label{fig:cap_theorem}
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237 \end{center}
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238 \end{figure}
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