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0
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1
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2
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3
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4 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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5
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6
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7 NNAAMMEE
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8 less - opposite of more
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9
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10 SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
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11 lleessss --??
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12 lleessss [[--[[++]]aaBBccCCddeeEEffHHiimmMMnnNNqqQQrrssSSuuUUww]]
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13 [[--bb _b_u_f_s]] [[--hh _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--jj _l_i_n_e]] [[--kk _k_e_y_f_i_l_e]]
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14 [[--{{ooOO}} _l_o_g_f_i_l_e]] [[--pp _p_a_t_t_e_r_n]] [[--PP _p_r_o_m_p_t]] [[--tt _t_a_g]]
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15 [[--TT _t_a_g_f_i_l_e]] [[--xx _t_a_b]] [[--yy _l_i_n_e_s]] [[--[[zz]] _l_i_n_e_s]]
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16 [[++[[++]]_c_m_d]] [[_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e]]......
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17
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18
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19 DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
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20 _L_e_s_s is a program similar to _m_o_r_e (1), but which allows
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21 backward movement in the file as well as forward movement.
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22 Also, _l_e_s_s does not have to read the entire input file
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23 before starting, so with large input files it starts up
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24 faster than text editors like _v_i (1). _L_e_s_s uses termcap
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25 (or terminfo on some systems), so it can run on a variety
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26 of terminals. There is even limited support for hardcopy
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27 terminals. (On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be
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28 printed at the top of the screen are prefixed with an up-
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29 arrow.)
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30
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31 Commands are based on both _m_o_r_e and _v_i_. Commands may be
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32 preceded by a decimal number, called N in the descriptions
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33 below. The number is used by some commands, as indicated.
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34
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35
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36 CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
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37 In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X. ESC
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38 stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means the two
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39 character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v".
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40
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41 h or H Help: display a summary of these commands. If you
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42 forget all the other commands, remember this one.
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43
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44
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45 SPACE or ^V or f or ^F
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46 Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see
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47 option -z below). If N is more than the screen
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48 size, only the final screenful is displayed. Warn-
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49 ing: some systems use ^V as a special literaliza-
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50 tion character.
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51
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52
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53 z Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the
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54 new window size.
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55
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56
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57 RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J
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58 Scroll forward N lines, default 1. The entire N
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59 lines are displayed, even if N is more than the
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60 screen size.
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61
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62
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63
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64 1
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65
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66
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67
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68
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69
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70 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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71
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72
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73 d or ^D
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74 Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the
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75 screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new
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76 default for subsequent d and u commands.
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77
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78
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79 b or ^B or ESC-v
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80 Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see
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81 option -z below). If N is more than the screen
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82 size, only the final screenful is displayed.
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83
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84
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85 w Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the
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86 new window size.
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87
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88
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89 y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K
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90 Scroll backward N lines, default 1. The entire N
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91 lines are displayed, even if N is more than the
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92 screen size. Warning: some systems use ^Y as a
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93 special job control character.
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94
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95
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96 u or ^U
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97 Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the
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98 screen size. If N is specified, it becomes the new
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99 default for subsequent d and u commands.
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100
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101
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102 r or ^R or ^L
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103 Repaint the screen.
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104
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105
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106 R Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input.
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107 Useful if the file is changing while it is being
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108 viewed.
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109
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110
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111 F Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when the
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112 end of file is reached. Normally this command
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113 would be used when already at the end of the file.
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114 It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is
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115 growing while it is being viewed. (The behavior is
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116 similar to the "tail -f" command.)
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117
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118
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119 g or < or ESC-<
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120 Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of
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121 file). (Warning: this may be slow if N is large.)
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122
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123
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124 G or > or ESC->
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125 Go to line N in the file, default the end of the
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126 file. (Warning: this may be slow if N is large, or
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127
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128
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129
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130 2
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131
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132
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133
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134
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135
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136 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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137
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138
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139 if N is not specified and standard input, rather
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140 than a file, is being read.)
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141
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142
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143 p or % Go to a position N percent into the file. N should
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144 be between 0 and 100. (This works if standard
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145 input is being read, but only if _l_e_s_s has already
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146 read to the end of the file. It is always fast,
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147 but not always useful.)
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148
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149
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150 { If a left curly bracket appears in the top line
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151 displayed on the screen, the { command will go to
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152 the matching right curly bracket. The matching
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153 right curly bracket is positioned on the bottom
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154 line of the screen. If there is more than one left
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155 curly bracket on the top line, a number N may be
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156 used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.
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157
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158
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159 } If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line
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160 displayed on the screen, the } command will go to
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161 the matching left curly bracket. The matching left
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162 curly bracket is positioned on the top line of the
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163 screen. If there is more than one right curly
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164 bracket on the top line, a number N may be used to
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165 specify the N-th bracket on the line.
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166
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167
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168 ( Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than
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169 curly brackets.
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170
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171
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172 ) Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than
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173 curly brackets.
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174
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175
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176 [ Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than
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177 curly brackets.
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178
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179
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180 ] Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than
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181 curly brackets.
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182
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183
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184 ESC-^F Followed by two characters, acts like {, but uses
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185 the two characters as open and close brackets,
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186 respectively. For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be
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187 used to go forward to the > which matches the < in
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188 the top displayed line.
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189
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190 ESC-^B Followed by two characters, acts like }, but uses
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191 the two characters as open and close brackets,
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192 respectively. For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be
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193
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194
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195
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196 3
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197
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198
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199
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200
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201
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202 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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203
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204
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205 used to go backward to the < which matches the > in
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206 the bottom displayed line.
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207
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208 m Followed by any lowercase letter, marks the current
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209 position with that letter.
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210
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211
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212 ' (Single quote.) Followed by any lowercase letter,
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213 returns to the position which was previously marked
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214 with that letter. Followed by another single
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215 quote, returns to the position at which the last
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216 "large" movement command was executed. Followed by
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217 a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of the file
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218 respectively. Marks are preserved when a new file
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219 is examined, so the ' command can be used to switch
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220 between input files.
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221
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222
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223 ^X^X Same as single quote.
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224
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225
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226 /pattern
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227 Search forward in the file for the N-th line con-
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228 taining the pattern. N defaults to 1. The pattern
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229 is a regular expression, as recognized by _e_d_. The
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230 search starts at the second line displayed (but see
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231 the -a and -j options, which change this).
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232
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233 Certain characters are special if entered at the
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234 beginning of the pattern; they modify the type of
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235 search rather than become part of the pattern:
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236
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237 ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pat-
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238 tern.
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239
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240 * Search multiple files. That is, if the
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241 search reaches the end of the current file
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242 without finding a match, the search contin-
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243 ues in the next file in the command line
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244 list.
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245
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246 @ Begin the search at the first line of the
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247 first file in the command line list, regard-
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248 less of what is currently displayed on the
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249 screen or the settings of the -a or -j
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250 options.
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251
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252
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253 ?pattern
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254 Search backward in the file for the N-th line con-
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255 taining the pattern. The search starts at the line
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256 immediately before the top line displayed.
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257
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258 Certain characters are special as in the / command:
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259
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260
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261
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262 4
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263
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264
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265
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266
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267
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268 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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269
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270
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271 ! Search for lines which do NOT match the pat-
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272 tern.
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273
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274 * Search multiple files. That is, if the
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275 search reaches the beginning of the current
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276 file without finding a match, the search
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277 continues in the previous file in the com-
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278 mand line list.
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279
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280 @ Begin the search at the last line of the
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281 last file in the command line list, regard-
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282 less of what is currently displayed on the
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283 screen or the settings of the -a or -j
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284 options.
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285
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286
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287 ESC-/pattern
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288 Same as "/*".
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289
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290
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291 ESC-?pattern
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292 Same as "?*".
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293
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294
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295 n Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing
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296 the last pattern. If the previous search was modi-
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297 fied by !, the search is made for the N-th line NOT
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298 containing the pattern. If the previous search was
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299 modified by *, the search continues in the next (or
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300 previous) file if not satisfied in the current
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301 file. There is no effect if the previous search
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302 was modified by @.
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303
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304
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305 N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direc-
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306 tion.
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307
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308
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309 ESC-n Repeat previous search, but crossing file bound-
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310 aries. The effect is as if the previous search
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311 were modified by *.
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312
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313
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314 ESC-N Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direc-
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315 tion and crossing file boundaries.
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316
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317
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318 :e [filename]
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319 Examine a new file. If the filename is missing,
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320 the "current" file (see the :n and :p commands
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321 below) from the list of files in the command line
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322 is re-examined. A percent sign (%) in the filename
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323 is replaced by the name of the current file. A
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324 pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the
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325
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326
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327
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328 5
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329
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330
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331
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332
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333
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334 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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335
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336
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337 previously examined file. The filename is inserted
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338 into the command line list of files so that it can
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339 be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands. If the
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340 filename consists of several files, they are all
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341 inserted into the list of files and the first one
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342 is examined.
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343
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344
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345 ^X^V or E
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346 Same as :e. Warning: some systems use ^V as a spe-
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347 cial literalization character.
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348
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349
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350 :n Examine the next file (from the list of files given
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351 in the command line). If a number N is specified,
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352 the N-th next file is examined.
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353
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354
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355 :p Examine the previous file in the command line list.
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356 If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file
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357 is examined.
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358
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359
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360 :x Examine the first file in the command line list.
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361 If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the
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362 list is examined.
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363
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364
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365 = or ^G or :f
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366 Prints some information about the file being
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367 viewed, including its name and the line number and
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368 byte offset of the bottom line being displayed. If
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369 possible, it also prints the length of the file,
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370 the number of lines in the file and the percent of
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371 the file above the last displayed line.
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372
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373
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374 - Followed by one of the command line option letters
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375 (see below), this will change the setting of that
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376 option and print a message describing the new set-
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377 ting. If the option letter has a numeric value
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378 (such as -b or -h), or a string value (such as -P
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379 or -t), a new value may be entered after the option
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380 letter. If no new value is entered, a message
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381 describing the current setting is printed and noth-
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382 ing is changed.
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383
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384
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385 -+ Followed by one of the command line option letters
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386 (see below), this will reset the option to its
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387 default setting and print a message describing the
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388 new setting. (The "-+_X" command does the same
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389 thing as "-+_X" on the command line.) This does not
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390 work for string-valued options.
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391
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392
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393
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394 6
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395
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396
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397
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398
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399
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400 LESS(1) LESS(1)
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401
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402
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403 -- Followed by one of the command line option letters
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404 (see below), this will reset the option to the
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405 "opposite" of its default setting and print a mes-
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406 sage describing the new setting. (The "--_X" com-
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407 mand does the same thing as "-_X" on the command
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408 line.) This does not work for numeric or string-
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409 valued options.
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410
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411
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412 _ (Underscore.) Followed by one of the command line
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413 option letters (see below), this will print a mes-
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414 sage describing the current setting of that option.
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415 The setting of the option is not changed.
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416
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417
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418 +cmd Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a
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419 new file is examined. For example, +G causes _l_e_s_s
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420 to initially display each file starting at the end
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421 rather than the beginning.
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422
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423
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424 V Prints the version number of _l_e_s_s being run.
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425
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426
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427 q or :q or :Q or ZZ or ESC ESC
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428 Exits _l_e_s_s_.
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429
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430 The following three commands may or may not be valid,
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431 depending on your particular installation.
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432
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433
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434 v Invokes an editor to edit the current file being
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435 viewed. The editor is taken from the environment
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436 variable EDITOR, or defaults to "vi". See also the
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437 discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS
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438 below.
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439
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440
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441 ! shell-command
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442 Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given. A
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443 percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the
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|
444 name of the current file. A pound sign (#) is
|
|
|
445 replaced by the name of the previously examined
|
|
|
446 file. "!!" repeats the last shell command. "!"
|
|
|
447 with no shell command simply invokes a shell. In
|
|
|
448 all cases, the shell is taken from the environment
|
|
|
449 variable SHELL, or defaults to "sh".
|
|
|
450
|
|
|
451
|
|
|
452 | <m> shell-command
|
|
|
453 <m> represents any mark letter. Pipes a section of
|
|
|
454 the input file to the given shell command. The
|
|
|
455 section of the file to be piped is between the
|
|
|
456 first line on the current screen and the position
|
|
|
457
|
|
|
458
|
|
|
459
|
|
|
460 7
|
|
|
461
|
|
|
462
|
|
|
463
|
|
|
464
|
|
|
465
|
|
|
466 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
467
|
|
|
468
|
|
|
469 marked by the letter. <m> may also be ^ or $ to
|
|
|
470 indicate beginning or end of file respectively. If
|
|
|
471 <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped.
|
|
|
472
|
|
|
473
|
|
|
474 OOPPTTIIOONNSS
|
|
|
475 Command line options are described below. Most options
|
|
|
476 may be changed while _l_e_s_s is running, via the "-" command.
|
|
|
477
|
|
|
478 Options are also taken from the environment variable
|
|
|
479 "LESS". For example, to avoid typing "less -options ..."
|
|
|
480 each time _l_e_s_s is invoked, you might tell _c_s_h_:
|
|
|
481
|
|
|
482 setenv LESS "-options"
|
|
|
483
|
|
|
484 or if you use _s_h_:
|
|
|
485
|
|
|
486 LESS="-options"; export LESS
|
|
|
487
|
|
|
488 The environment variable is parsed before the command
|
|
|
489 line, so command line options override the LESS environ-
|
|
|
490 ment variable. If an option appears in the LESS variable,
|
|
|
491 it can be reset to its default on the command line by
|
|
|
492 beginning the command line option with "-+".
|
|
|
493
|
|
|
494 A dollar sign ($) may be used to signal the end of an
|
|
|
495 option string. This is important only for options like -P
|
|
|
496 which take a following string.
|
|
|
497
|
|
|
498 -? This option displays a summary of the commands
|
|
|
499 accepted by _l_e_s_s (the same as the h command). If
|
|
|
500 this option is given, all other options are
|
|
|
501 ignored, and _l_e_s_s exits after the help screen is
|
|
|
502 viewed. (Depending on how your shell interprets
|
|
|
503 the question mark, it may be necessary to quote the
|
|
|
504 question mark, thus: "-\?".)
|
|
|
505
|
|
|
506 -a Causes searches to start after the last line dis-
|
|
|
507 played on the screen, thus skipping all lines dis-
|
|
|
508 played on the screen. By default, searches start
|
|
|
509 at the second line on the screen (or after the last
|
|
|
510 found line; see the -j option).
|
|
|
511
|
|
|
512 -b_n Causes _l_e_s_s to use a non-standard number of
|
|
|
513 buffers. Buffers are 1K, and by default 10 buffers
|
|
|
514 are used (except if data in coming from standard
|
|
|
515 input; see the -B option). The number _n specifies
|
|
|
516 a different number of buffers to use.
|
|
|
517
|
|
|
518 -B Disables automatic allocation of buffers, so that
|
|
|
519 only the default number of buffers are used. If
|
|
|
520 more data is read than will fit in the buffers, the
|
|
|
521 oldest data is discarded. By default, when data is
|
|
|
522 coming from standard input, buffers are allocated
|
|
|
523
|
|
|
524
|
|
|
525
|
|
|
526 8
|
|
|
527
|
|
|
528
|
|
|
529
|
|
|
530
|
|
|
531
|
|
|
532 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
533
|
|
|
534
|
|
|
535 automatically as needed to avoid loss of data.
|
|
|
536
|
|
|
537 -c Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the
|
|
|
538 top line down. By default, full screen repaints
|
|
|
539 are done by scrolling from the bottom of the
|
|
|
540 screen.
|
|
|
541
|
|
|
542 -C The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared
|
|
|
543 before it is repainted.
|
|
|
544
|
|
|
545 -d The -d option suppresses the error message normally
|
|
|
546 displayed if the terminal is dumb; that is, lacks
|
|
|
547 some important capability, such as the ability to
|
|
|
548 clear the screen or scroll backward. The -d option
|
|
|
549 does not otherwise change the behavior of _l_e_s_s on a
|
|
|
550 dumb terminal).
|
|
|
551
|
|
|
552 -e Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit the second time
|
|
|
553 it reaches end-of-file. By default, the only way
|
|
|
554 to exit _l_e_s_s is via the "q" command.
|
|
|
555
|
|
|
556 -E Causes _l_e_s_s to automatically exit the first time it
|
|
|
557 reaches end-of-file.
|
|
|
558
|
|
|
559 -f Forces non-regular files to be opened. (A non-
|
|
|
560 regular file is a directory or a device special
|
|
|
561 file.) Also suppresses the warning message when a
|
|
|
562 binary file is opened. By default, _l_e_s_s will
|
|
|
563 refuse to open non-regular files.
|
|
|
564
|
|
|
565 -h_n Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll back-
|
|
|
566 ward. If it is necessary to scroll backward more
|
|
|
567 than _n lines, the screen is repainted in a forward
|
|
|
568 direction instead. (If the terminal does not have
|
|
|
569 the ability to scroll backward, -h0 is implied.)
|
|
|
570
|
|
|
571 -i Causes searches to ignore case; that is, uppercase
|
|
|
572 and lowercase are considered identical. Also, text
|
|
|
573 which is overstruck or underlined can be searched
|
|
|
574 for. This option is ignored if any uppercase let-
|
|
|
575 ters appear in the search pattern.
|
|
|
576
|
|
|
577 -j_n Specifies a line on the screen where "target" lines
|
|
|
578 are to be positioned. Target lines are the object
|
|
|
579 of text searches, tag searches, jumps to a line
|
|
|
580 number, jumps to a file percentage, and jumps to a
|
|
|
581 marked position. The screen line is specified by a
|
|
|
582 number: the top line on the screen is 1, the next
|
|
|
583 is 2, and so on. The number may be negative to
|
|
|
584 specify a line relative to the bottom of the
|
|
|
585 screen: the bottom line on the screen is -1, the
|
|
|
586 second to the bottom is -2, and so on. If the -j
|
|
|
587 option is used, searches begin at the line immedi-
|
|
|
588 ately after the target line. For example, if "-j4"
|
|
|
589
|
|
|
590
|
|
|
591
|
|
|
592 9
|
|
|
593
|
|
|
594
|
|
|
595
|
|
|
596
|
|
|
597
|
|
|
598 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
599
|
|
|
600
|
|
|
601 is used, the target line is the fourth line on the
|
|
|
602 screen, so searches begin at the fifth line on the
|
|
|
603 screen.
|
|
|
604
|
|
|
605 -k_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
|
|
|
606 Causes _l_e_s_s to open and interpret the named file as
|
|
|
607 a _l_e_s_s_k_e_y (1) file. Multiple -k options may be
|
|
|
608 specified. If a file called .less exists in the
|
|
|
609 user's home directory, this file is also used as a
|
|
|
610 _l_e_s_s_k_e_y file.
|
|
|
611
|
|
|
612 -m Causes _l_e_s_s to prompt verbosely (like _m_o_r_e), with
|
|
|
613 the percent into the file. By default, _l_e_s_s
|
|
|
614 prompts with a colon.
|
|
|
615
|
|
|
616 -M Causes _l_e_s_s to prompt even more verbosely than
|
|
|
617 _m_o_r_e_.
|
|
|
618
|
|
|
619 -n Suppresses line numbers. The default (to use line
|
|
|
620 numbers) may cause _l_e_s_s to run more slowly in some
|
|
|
621 cases, especially with a very large input file.
|
|
|
622 Suppressing line numbers with the -n flag will
|
|
|
623 avoid this problem. Using line numbers means: the
|
|
|
624 line number will be displayed in the verbose prompt
|
|
|
625 and in the = command, and the v command will pass
|
|
|
626 the current line number to the editor (see also the
|
|
|
627 discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below).
|
|
|
628
|
|
|
629 -N Causes a line number to be displayed at the begin-
|
|
|
630 ning of each line in the display.
|
|
|
631
|
|
|
632 -o_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
|
|
|
633 Causes _l_e_s_s to copy its input to the named file as
|
|
|
634 it is being viewed. This applies only when the
|
|
|
635 input file is a pipe, not an ordinary file. If the
|
|
|
636 file already exists, _l_e_s_s will ask for confirmation
|
|
|
637 before overwriting it.
|
|
|
638
|
|
|
639 -O_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
|
|
|
640 The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an
|
|
|
641 existing file without asking for confirmation.
|
|
|
642
|
|
|
643 If no log file has been specified, the -o and -O
|
|
|
644 options can be used from within _l_e_s_s to specify a
|
|
|
645 log file. Without a file name, they will simply
|
|
|
646 report the name of the log file. The "s" command
|
|
|
647 is equivalent to specifying -o from within _l_e_s_s_.
|
|
|
648
|
|
|
649 -p_p_a_t_t_e_r_n
|
|
|
650 The -p option on the command line is equivalent to
|
|
|
651 specifying +/_p_a_t_t_e_r_n; that is, it tells _l_e_s_s to
|
|
|
652 start at the first occurence of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in the
|
|
|
653 file.
|
|
|
654
|
|
|
655
|
|
|
656
|
|
|
657
|
|
|
658 10
|
|
|
659
|
|
|
660
|
|
|
661
|
|
|
662
|
|
|
663
|
|
|
664 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
665
|
|
|
666
|
|
|
667 -P_p_r_o_m_p_t
|
|
|
668 Provides a way to tailor the three prompt styles to
|
|
|
669 your own preference. This option would normally be
|
|
|
670 put in the LESS environment variable, rather than
|
|
|
671 being typed in with each _l_e_s_s command. Such an
|
|
|
672 option must either be the last option in the LESS
|
|
|
673 variable, or be terminated by a dollar sign. -P
|
|
|
674 followed by a string changes the default (short)
|
|
|
675 prompt to that string. -Pm changes the medium (-m)
|
|
|
676 prompt to the string, and -PM changes the long (-M)
|
|
|
677 prompt. Also, -P= changes the message printed by
|
|
|
678 the = command to the given string. All prompt
|
|
|
679 strings consist of a sequence of letters and spe-
|
|
|
680 cial escape sequences. See the section on PROMPTS
|
|
|
681 for more details.
|
|
|
682
|
|
|
683 -q Causes moderately "quiet" operation: the terminal
|
|
|
684 bell is not rung if an attempt is made to scroll
|
|
|
685 past the end of the file or before the beginning of
|
|
|
686 the file. If the terminal has a "visual bell", it
|
|
|
687 is used instead. The bell will be rung on certain
|
|
|
688 other errors, such as typing an invalid character.
|
|
|
689 The default is to ring the terminal bell in all
|
|
|
690 such cases.
|
|
|
691
|
|
|
692 -Q Causes totally "quiet" operation: the terminal bell
|
|
|
693 is never rung.
|
|
|
694
|
|
|
695 -r Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed.
|
|
|
696 The default is to display control characters using
|
|
|
697 the caret notation; for example, a control-A (octal
|
|
|
698 001) is displayed as "^A". Warning: when the -r
|
|
|
699 flag is used, _l_e_s_s cannot keep track of the actual
|
|
|
700 appearance of the screen (since this depends on how
|
|
|
701 the screen responds to each type of control charac-
|
|
|
702 ter). Thus, various display problems may result,
|
|
|
703 such as long lines being split in the wrong place.
|
|
|
704
|
|
|
705 -s Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into
|
|
|
706 a single blank line. This is useful when viewing
|
|
|
707 _n_r_o_f_f output.
|
|
|
708
|
|
|
709 -S Causes lines longer than the screen width to be
|
|
|
710 chopped rather than folded. That is, the remainder
|
|
|
711 of a long line is simply discarded. The default is
|
|
|
712 to fold long lines; that is, display the remainder
|
|
|
713 on the next line.
|
|
|
714
|
|
|
715 -t_t_a_g The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG, will
|
|
|
716 edit the file containing that tag. For this to
|
|
|
717 work, there must be a file called "tags" in the
|
|
|
718 current directory, which was previously built by
|
|
|
719 the _c_t_a_g_s (1) command. This option may also be
|
|
|
720 specified from within _l_e_s_s (using the - command) as
|
|
|
721
|
|
|
722
|
|
|
723
|
|
|
724 11
|
|
|
725
|
|
|
726
|
|
|
727
|
|
|
728
|
|
|
729
|
|
|
730 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
731
|
|
|
732
|
|
|
733 a way of examining a new file. The command ":t" is
|
|
|
734 equivalent to specifying -t from within _l_e_s_s_.
|
|
|
735
|
|
|
736 -T_t_a_g_s_f_i_l_e
|
|
|
737 Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags".
|
|
|
738
|
|
|
739 -u Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be
|
|
|
740 treated as printable characters; that is, they are
|
|
|
741 sent to the terminal when they appear in the input.
|
|
|
742
|
|
|
743 -U Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be
|
|
|
744 treated as control characters; that is, they are
|
|
|
745 handled as specified by the -r option.
|
|
|
746
|
|
|
747 By default, if neither -u nor -U is given,
|
|
|
748 backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore
|
|
|
749 character are treated specially: the underlined
|
|
|
750 text is displayed using the terminal's hardware
|
|
|
751 underlining capability. Also, backspaces which
|
|
|
752 appear between two identical characters are treated
|
|
|
753 specially: the overstruck text is printed using the
|
|
|
754 terminal's hardware boldface capability. Other
|
|
|
755 backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding
|
|
|
756 character. Carriage returns immediately followed
|
|
|
757 by a newline are deleted. Other carriage returns
|
|
|
758 are handled as specified by the -r option.
|
|
|
759
|
|
|
760 -w Causes blank lines to be used to represent lines
|
|
|
761 past the end of the file. By default, a tilde
|
|
|
762 character is used.
|
|
|
763
|
|
|
764 -x_n Sets tab stops every _n positions. The default for
|
|
|
765 _n is 8.
|
|
|
766
|
|
|
767 -y_n Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll for-
|
|
|
768 ward. If it is necessary to scroll forward more
|
|
|
769 than _n lines, the screen is repainted instead. The
|
|
|
770 -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top
|
|
|
771 of the screen if desired. By default, any forward
|
|
|
772 movement causes scrolling.
|
|
|
773
|
|
|
774 -[z]_n Changes the default scrolling window size to _n
|
|
|
775 lines. The default is one screenful. The z and w
|
|
|
776 commands can also be used to change the window
|
|
|
777 size. The "z" may be omitted, as in "-_n" for com-
|
|
|
778 patibility with _m_o_r_e_.
|
|
|
779
|
|
|
780 + If a command line option begins with ++, the remain-
|
|
|
781 der of that option is taken to be an initial com-
|
|
|
782 mand to _l_e_s_s_. For example, +G tells _l_e_s_s to start
|
|
|
783 at the end of the file rather than the beginning,
|
|
|
784 and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurrence
|
|
|
785 of "xyz" in the file. As a special case, +<number>
|
|
|
786 acts like +<number>g; that is, it starts the
|
|
|
787
|
|
|
788
|
|
|
789
|
|
|
790 12
|
|
|
791
|
|
|
792
|
|
|
793
|
|
|
794
|
|
|
795
|
|
|
796 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
797
|
|
|
798
|
|
|
799 display at the specified line number (however, see
|
|
|
800 the caveat under the "g" command above). If the
|
|
|
801 option starts with ++, the initial command applies
|
|
|
802 to every file being viewed, not just the first one.
|
|
|
803 The + command described previously may also be used
|
|
|
804 to set (or change) an initial command for every
|
|
|
805 file.
|
|
|
806
|
|
|
807
|
|
|
808 KKEEYY BBIINNDDIINNGGSS
|
|
|
809 You may define your own _l_e_s_s commands by using the program
|
|
|
810 _l_e_s_s_k_e_y (1) to create a file called ".less" in your home
|
|
|
811 directory. This file specifies a set of command keys and
|
|
|
812 an action associated with each key. See the _l_e_s_s_k_e_y man-
|
|
|
813 ual page for more details.
|
|
|
814
|
|
|
815
|
|
|
816 NNAATTIIOONNAALL CCHHAARRAACCTTEERR SSEETTSS
|
|
|
817 There are three types of characters in the input file:
|
|
|
818
|
|
|
819 normal characters
|
|
|
820 can be displayed directly to the screen.
|
|
|
821
|
|
|
822 control characters
|
|
|
823 should not be displayed directly, but are expected
|
|
|
824 to be found in ordinary text files (such as
|
|
|
825 backspace and tab).
|
|
|
826
|
|
|
827 binary characters
|
|
|
828 cannot be displayed directly and are not expected
|
|
|
829 to be found in text files.
|
|
|
830
|
|
|
831 By default, _l_e_s_s uses the ASCII character set. In the
|
|
|
832 ASCII character set, characters with values between 128
|
|
|
833 and 255 are treated as binary. The LESSCHARSET environ-
|
|
|
834 ment variable may be used to select another character set.
|
|
|
835 If it is set to the value "latin1", the ISO 8859/1 charac-
|
|
|
836 ter set is assumed. Latin-1 is the same as ASCII, except
|
|
|
837 characters between 128 and 255 are treated as normal char-
|
|
|
838 acters. The only valid values for LESSCHARSET currently
|
|
|
839 are "ascii" and "latin1".
|
|
|
840
|
|
|
841 In special cases, it may be desired to tailor _l_e_s_s to use
|
|
|
842 a character set other than the ones definable by LESS-
|
|
|
843 CHARSET. In this case, the environment variable LESS-
|
|
|
844 CHARDEF can be used to define a character set. It should
|
|
|
845 be set to a string where each character in the string rep-
|
|
|
846 resents one character in the character set. The character
|
|
|
847 "." is used for a normal character, "c" for control, and
|
|
|
848 "b" for binary. A decimal number may be used for repeti-
|
|
|
849 tion. For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is
|
|
|
850 binary, 1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary,
|
|
|
851 and 8 is normal. All characters after the last are taken
|
|
|
852 to be the same as the last, so characters 9 through 255
|
|
|
853
|
|
|
854
|
|
|
855
|
|
|
856 13
|
|
|
857
|
|
|
858
|
|
|
859
|
|
|
860
|
|
|
861
|
|
|
862 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
863
|
|
|
864
|
|
|
865 would be normal. (This is an example, and does not neces-
|
|
|
866 sarily represent any real character set.)
|
|
|
867
|
|
|
868 Setting LESSCHARDEF to "8bcccbcc18b95.b" is the same as
|
|
|
869 setting LESSCHARSET to "ascii". Setting LESSCHARDEF to
|
|
|
870 "8bcccbcc18b95.33b." is the same as setting LESSCHARSET to
|
|
|
871 "latin1".
|
|
|
872
|
|
|
873 Control and binary characters are displayed in blinking
|
|
|
874 mode. Each such character is displayed in caret notation
|
|
|
875 if possible (e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is
|
|
|
876 used only if inverting the 0100 bit results in a normal
|
|
|
877 printable character. Otherwise, the character is dis-
|
|
|
878 played as an octal number preceded by a backslash. This
|
|
|
879 octal format can be changed by setting the LESSBINFMT
|
|
|
880 environment variable to a printf-style format string; the
|
|
|
881 default is '\%o'. The blinking mode display of control
|
|
|
882 and binary characters can be changed or disabled by pre-
|
|
|
883 ceding the LESSBINFMT format string with a "*" and one
|
|
|
884 character to select the mode: "*k" is blinking, "*d" is
|
|
|
885 bold, "*u" is underlined, and "*n" is normal (no special
|
|
|
886 display attribute). For example, if LESSBINFMT is
|
|
|
887 "*u[%x]", binary characters are displayed in underlined
|
|
|
888 hexadecimal surrounded by brackets.
|
|
|
889
|
|
|
890
|
|
|
891 PPRROOMMPPTTSS
|
|
|
892 The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your
|
|
|
893 preference. The string given to the -P option replaces
|
|
|
894 the specified prompt string. Certain characters in the
|
|
|
895 string are interpreted specially. The prompt mechanism is
|
|
|
896 rather complicated to provide flexibility, but the ordi-
|
|
|
897 nary user need not understand the details of constructing
|
|
|
898 personalized prompt strings.
|
|
|
899
|
|
|
900 A percent sign followed by a single character is expanded
|
|
|
901 according to what the following character is:
|
|
|
902
|
|
|
903 %b_X Replaced by the byte offset into the current input
|
|
|
904 file. The b is followed by a single character
|
|
|
905 (shown as _X above) which specifies the line whose
|
|
|
906 byte offset is to be used. If the character is a
|
|
|
907 "t", the byte offset of the top line in the display
|
|
|
908 is used, an "m" means use the middle line, a "b"
|
|
|
909 means use the bottom line, a "B" means use the line
|
|
|
910 just after the bottom line, and a "j" means use the
|
|
|
911 "target" line, as specified by the -j option.
|
|
|
912
|
|
|
913 %B Replaced by the size of the current input file.
|
|
|
914
|
|
|
915 %E Replaced by the name of the editor (from the EDITOR
|
|
|
916 environment variable). See the discussion of the
|
|
|
917 LESSEDIT feature below.
|
|
|
918
|
|
|
919
|
|
|
920
|
|
|
921
|
|
|
922 14
|
|
|
923
|
|
|
924
|
|
|
925
|
|
|
926
|
|
|
927
|
|
|
928 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
929
|
|
|
930
|
|
|
931 %f Replaced by the name of the current input file.
|
|
|
932
|
|
|
933 %i Replaced by the index of the current file in the
|
|
|
934 list of input files.
|
|
|
935
|
|
|
936 %l_X Replaced by the line number of a line in the input
|
|
|
937 file. The line to be used is determined by the _X,
|
|
|
938 as with the %b option.
|
|
|
939
|
|
|
940 %L Replaced by the line number of the last line in the
|
|
|
941 input file.
|
|
|
942
|
|
|
943 %m Replaced by the total number of input files.
|
|
|
944
|
|
|
945 %p_X Replaced by the percent into the current input
|
|
|
946 file. The line used is determined by the _X as with
|
|
|
947 the %b option.
|
|
|
948
|
|
|
949 %s Same as %B.
|
|
|
950
|
|
|
951 %t Causes any trailing spaces to be removed. Usually
|
|
|
952 used at the end of the string, but may appear any-
|
|
|
953 where.
|
|
|
954
|
|
|
955 %x Replaced by the name of the next input file in the
|
|
|
956 list.
|
|
|
957
|
|
|
958 If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if
|
|
|
959 input is a pipe), a question mark is printed instead.
|
|
|
960
|
|
|
961 The format of the prompt string can be changed depending
|
|
|
962 on certain conditions. A question mark followed by a sin-
|
|
|
963 gle character acts like an "IF": depending on the follow-
|
|
|
964 ing character, a condition is evaluated. If the condition
|
|
|
965 is true, any characters following the question mark and
|
|
|
966 condition character, up to a period, are included in the
|
|
|
967 prompt. If the condition is false, such characters are
|
|
|
968 not included. A colon appearing between the question mark
|
|
|
969 and the period can be used to establish an "ELSE": any
|
|
|
970 characters between the colon and the period are included
|
|
|
971 in the string if and only if the IF condition is false.
|
|
|
972 Condition characters (which follow a question mark) may
|
|
|
973 be:
|
|
|
974
|
|
|
975 ?a True if any characters have been included in the
|
|
|
976 prompt so far.
|
|
|
977
|
|
|
978 ?b_X True if the byte offset of the specified line is
|
|
|
979 known.
|
|
|
980
|
|
|
981 ?B True if the size of current input file is known.
|
|
|
982
|
|
|
983 ?e True if at end-of-file.
|
|
|
984
|
|
|
985
|
|
|
986
|
|
|
987
|
|
|
988 15
|
|
|
989
|
|
|
990
|
|
|
991
|
|
|
992
|
|
|
993
|
|
|
994 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
995
|
|
|
996
|
|
|
997 ?f True if there is an input filename (that is, if
|
|
|
998 input is not a pipe).
|
|
|
999
|
|
|
1000 ?l_X True if the line number of the specified line is
|
|
|
1001 known.
|
|
|
1002
|
|
|
1003 ?L True if the line number of the last line in the
|
|
|
1004 file is known.
|
|
|
1005
|
|
|
1006 ?m True if there is more than one input file.
|
|
|
1007
|
|
|
1008 ?n True if this is the first prompt in a new input
|
|
|
1009 file.
|
|
|
1010
|
|
|
1011 ?p_X True if the percent into the current input file of
|
|
|
1012 the specified line is known.
|
|
|
1013
|
|
|
1014 ?s Same as "?B".
|
|
|
1015
|
|
|
1016 ?x True if there is a next input file (that is, if the
|
|
|
1017 current input file is not the last one).
|
|
|
1018
|
|
|
1019 Any characters other than the special ones (question mark,
|
|
|
1020 colon, period, percent, and backslash) become literally
|
|
|
1021 part of the prompt. Any of the special characters may be
|
|
|
1022 included in the prompt literally by preceding it with a
|
|
|
1023 backslash.
|
|
|
1024
|
|
|
1025 Some examples:
|
|
|
1026
|
|
|
1027 ?f%f:Standard input.
|
|
|
1028
|
|
|
1029 This prompt prints the filename, if known; otherwise the
|
|
|
1030 string "Standard input".
|
|
|
1031
|
|
|
1032 ?f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-...
|
|
|
1033
|
|
|
1034 This prompt would print the filename, if known. The file-
|
|
|
1035 name is followed by the line number, if known, otherwise
|
|
|
1036 the percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known.
|
|
|
1037 Otherwise, a dash is printed. Notice how each question
|
|
|
1038 mark has a matching period, and how the % after the %pt is
|
|
|
1039 included literally by escaping it with a backslash.
|
|
|
1040
|
|
|
1041 ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x..%t
|
|
|
1042
|
|
|
1043 This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a
|
|
|
1044 file, followed by the "file N of N" message if there is
|
|
|
1045 more than one input file. Then, if we are at end-of-file,
|
|
|
1046 the string "(END)" is printed followed by the name of the
|
|
|
1047 next file, if there is one. Finally, any trailing spaces
|
|
|
1048 are truncated. This is the default prompt. For refer-
|
|
|
1049 ence, here are the defaults for the other two prompts (-m
|
|
|
1050 and -M respectively). Each is broken into two lines here
|
|
|
1051
|
|
|
1052
|
|
|
1053
|
|
|
1054 16
|
|
|
1055
|
|
|
1056
|
|
|
1057
|
|
|
1058
|
|
|
1059
|
|
|
1060 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
1061
|
|
|
1062
|
|
|
1063 for readability only.
|
|
|
1064
|
|
|
1065 ?n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:
|
|
|
1066 ?pB%pB\%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t
|
|
|
1067
|
|
|
1068 ?f%f .?n?m(file %i of %m) ..?ltline %lt?L/%L. :byte %bB?s/%s. .
|
|
|
1069 ?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:?pB%pB\%..%t
|
|
|
1070
|
|
|
1071 And here is the default message produced by the = command:
|
|
|
1072
|
|
|
1073 ?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltline %lt?L/%L. .
|
|
|
1074 byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t
|
|
|
1075
|
|
|
1076 The prompt expansion features are also used for another
|
|
|
1077 purpose: if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined,
|
|
|
1078 it is used as the command to be executed when the v com-
|
|
|
1079 mand is invoked. The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the
|
|
|
1080 same way as the prompt strings. The default value for
|
|
|
1081 LESSEDIT is:
|
|
|
1082
|
|
|
1083 %E ?lm+%lm. %f
|
|
|
1084
|
|
|
1085 Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a +
|
|
|
1086 and the line number, followed by the file name. If your
|
|
|
1087 editor does not accept the "+linenumber" syntax, or has
|
|
|
1088 other differences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT vari-
|
|
|
1089 able can be changed to modify this default.
|
|
|
1090
|
|
|
1091
|
|
|
1092 EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS
|
|
|
1093 COLUMNS
|
|
|
1094 Sets the number of columns on the screen. Takes
|
|
|
1095 precedence over the number of columns specified by
|
|
|
1096 the TERM variable.
|
|
|
1097
|
|
|
1098 EDITOR The name of the editor (used for the v command).
|
|
|
1099
|
|
|
1100 HOME Name of the user's home directory (used to find a
|
|
|
1101 .less file).
|
|
|
1102
|
|
|
1103 LESS Flags which are passed to _l_e_s_s automatically.
|
|
|
1104
|
|
|
1105 LESSBINFMT
|
|
|
1106 Format for displaying non-printable, non-control
|
|
|
1107 characters.
|
|
|
1108
|
|
|
1109 LESSCHARDEF
|
|
|
1110 Defines a character set.
|
|
|
1111
|
|
|
1112 LESSCHARSET
|
|
|
1113 Selects a predefined character set.
|
|
|
1114
|
|
|
1115 LESSEDIT
|
|
|
1116 Editor prototype string (used for the v command).
|
|
|
1117
|
|
|
1118
|
|
|
1119
|
|
|
1120 17
|
|
|
1121
|
|
|
1122
|
|
|
1123
|
|
|
1124
|
|
|
1125
|
|
|
1126 LESS(1) LESS(1)
|
|
|
1127
|
|
|
1128
|
|
|
1129 See discussion under PROMPTS.
|
|
|
1130
|
|
|
1131 LESSHELP
|
|
|
1132 Name of the help file.
|
|
|
1133
|
|
|
1134 LINES Sets the number of lines on the screen. Takes
|
|
|
1135 precedence over the number of lines specified by
|
|
|
1136 the TERM variable.
|
|
|
1137
|
|
|
1138 SHELL The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as
|
|
|
1139 to expand filenames.
|
|
|
1140
|
|
|
1141 TERM The type of terminal on which _l_e_s_s is being run.
|
|
|
1142
|
|
|
1143
|
|
|
1144 SSEEEE AALLSSOO
|
|
|
1145 lesskey(1)
|
|
|
1146
|
|
|
1147
|
|
|
1148 WWAARRNNIINNGGSS
|
|
|
1149 The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P) report
|
|
|
1150 the line number of the line at the top of the screen, but
|
|
|
1151 the byte and percent of the line at the bottom of the
|
|
|
1152 screen.
|
|
|
1153
|
|
|
1154 If the :e command is used to name more than one file, and
|
|
|
1155 one of the named files has been viewed previously, the new
|
|
|
1156 files may be entered into the list in an unexpected order.
|
|
|
1157
|
|
|
1158 The handling of national character sets is nonstandard as
|
|
|
1159 well as insufficient for multibyte characters. It will
|
|
|
1160 probably change in a later release.
|
|
|
1161
|
|
|
1162
|
|
|
1163
|
|
|
1164
|
|
|
1165
|
|
|
1166
|
|
|
1167
|
|
|
1168
|
|
|
1169
|
|
|
1170
|
|
|
1171
|
|
|
1172
|
|
|
1173
|
|
|
1174
|
|
|
1175
|
|
|
1176
|
|
|
1177
|
|
|
1178
|
|
|
1179
|
|
|
1180
|
|
|
1181
|
|
|
1182
|
|
|
1183
|
|
|
1184
|
|
|
1185
|
|
|
1186 18
|
|
|
1187
|
|
|
1188
|
