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annotate gcc/doc/standards.texi @ 145:1830386684a0
gcc-9.2.0
| author | anatofuz |
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| date | Thu, 13 Feb 2020 11:34:05 +0900 |
| parents | 84e7813d76e9 |
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| rev | line source |
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| 145 | 1 @c Copyright (C) 2000-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| 0 | 2 @c This is part of the GCC manual. |
| 3 @c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi. | |
| 4 | |
| 5 @node Standards | |
| 6 @chapter Language Standards Supported by GCC | |
| 7 | |
| 8 For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC | |
| 9 attempts to follow one or more versions of that standard, possibly | |
| 10 with some exceptions, and possibly with some extensions. | |
| 11 | |
| 111 | 12 @section C Language |
| 0 | 13 @cindex C standard |
| 14 @cindex C standards | |
| 15 @cindex ANSI C standard | |
| 16 @cindex ANSI C | |
| 17 @cindex ANSI C89 | |
| 18 @cindex C89 | |
| 19 @cindex ANSI X3.159-1989 | |
| 20 @cindex X3.159-1989 | |
| 21 @cindex ISO C standard | |
| 22 @cindex ISO C | |
| 23 @cindex ISO C90 | |
| 24 @cindex ISO/IEC 9899 | |
| 25 @cindex ISO 9899 | |
| 26 @cindex C90 | |
| 27 @cindex ISO C94 | |
| 28 @cindex C94 | |
| 29 @cindex ISO C95 | |
| 30 @cindex C95 | |
| 31 @cindex ISO C99 | |
| 32 @cindex C99 | |
| 33 @cindex ISO C9X | |
| 34 @cindex C9X | |
| 111 | 35 @cindex ISO C11 |
| 36 @cindex C11 | |
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37 @cindex ISO C1X |
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38 @cindex C1X |
| 131 | 39 @cindex ISO C17 |
| 40 @cindex C17 | |
| 41 @cindex ISO C2X | |
| 42 @cindex C2X | |
| 0 | 43 @cindex Technical Corrigenda |
| 44 @cindex TC1 | |
| 45 @cindex Technical Corrigendum 1 | |
| 46 @cindex TC2 | |
| 47 @cindex Technical Corrigendum 2 | |
| 48 @cindex TC3 | |
| 49 @cindex Technical Corrigendum 3 | |
| 50 @cindex AMD1 | |
| 51 @cindex freestanding implementation | |
| 52 @cindex freestanding environment | |
| 53 @cindex hosted implementation | |
| 54 @cindex hosted environment | |
| 55 @findex __STDC_HOSTED__ | |
| 56 | |
| 57 @opindex std | |
| 58 @opindex ansi | |
| 59 @opindex pedantic | |
| 60 @opindex pedantic-errors | |
| 61 The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratified in 1989 and | |
| 62 published in 1990. This standard was ratified as an ISO standard | |
| 63 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There were no technical | |
| 64 differences between these publications, although the sections of the | |
| 65 ANSI standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. | |
| 111 | 66 The ANSI |
| 67 standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale | |
| 68 document. | |
| 0 | 69 This standard, in both its forms, is commonly known as @dfn{C89}, or |
| 111 | 70 occasionally as @dfn{C90}, from the dates of ratification. |
| 71 To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options | |
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72 @option{-ansi}, @option{-std=c90} or @option{-std=iso9899:1990}; to obtain |
| 0 | 73 all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should also specify |
| 74 @option{-pedantic} (or @option{-pedantic-errors} if you want them to be | |
| 75 errors rather than warnings). @xref{C Dialect Options,,Options | |
| 76 Controlling C Dialect}. | |
| 77 | |
| 78 Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical | |
| 79 Corrigenda published in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the | |
| 80 uncorrected version. | |
| 81 | |
| 82 An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This | |
| 83 amendment added digraphs and @code{__STDC_VERSION__} to the language, | |
| 84 but otherwise concerned the library. This amendment is commonly known | |
| 85 as @dfn{AMD1}; the amended standard is sometimes known as @dfn{C94} or | |
| 86 @dfn{C95}. To select this standard in GCC, use the option | |
| 87 @option{-std=iso9899:199409} (with, as for other standard versions, | |
| 88 @option{-pedantic} to receive all required diagnostics). | |
| 89 | |
| 90 A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC | |
| 111 | 91 9899:1999, and is commonly known as @dfn{C99}. (While in |
| 0 | 92 development, drafts of this standard version were referred to as |
| 111 | 93 @dfn{C9X}.) GCC has substantially |
| 94 complete support for this standard version; see | |
| 95 @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html} for details. To select this | |
| 96 standard, use @option{-std=c99} or @option{-std=iso9899:1999}. | |
| 0 | 97 |
| 98 Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical | |
| 99 Corrigenda published in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the | |
| 100 uncorrected version. | |
| 101 | |
| 111 | 102 A fourth version of the C standard, known as @dfn{C11}, was published |
| 103 in 2011 as ISO/IEC 9899:2011. (While in development, drafts of this | |
| 104 standard version were referred to as @dfn{C1X}.) | |
| 105 GCC has substantially complete support | |
| 106 for this standard, enabled with @option{-std=c11} or | |
| 131 | 107 @option{-std=iso9899:2011}. A version with corrections integrated was |
| 108 prepared in 2017 and published in 2018 as ISO/IEC 9899:2018; it is | |
| 109 known as @dfn{C17} and is supported with @option{-std=c17} or | |
| 110 @option{-std=iso9899:2017}; the corrections are also applied with | |
| 111 @option{-std=c11}, and the only difference between the options is the | |
| 112 value of @code{__STDC_VERSION__}. | |
| 113 | |
| 114 A further version of the C standard, known as @dfn{C2X}, is under | |
| 115 development; experimental and incomplete support for this is enabled | |
| 116 with @option{-std=c2x}. | |
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117 |
| 111 | 118 By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that, on |
| 0 | 119 rare occasions conflict with the C standard. @xref{C |
| 111 | 120 Extensions,,Extensions to the C Language Family}. |
| 121 Some features that are part of the C99 standard | |
| 122 are accepted as extensions in C90 mode, and some features that are part | |
| 123 of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and C99 modes. | |
| 124 Use of the | |
| 125 @option{-std} options listed above disables these extensions where | |
| 0 | 126 they conflict with the C standard version selected. You may also |
| 127 select an extended version of the C language explicitly with | |
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128 @option{-std=gnu90} (for C90 with GNU extensions), @option{-std=gnu99} |
| 111 | 129 (for C99 with GNU extensions) or @option{-std=gnu11} (for C11 with GNU |
| 130 extensions). | |
| 131 | |
| 132 The default, if no C language dialect options are given, | |
| 133 is @option{-std=gnu11}. | |
| 0 | 134 |
| 135 The ISO C standard defines (in clause 4) two classes of conforming | |
| 136 implementation. A @dfn{conforming hosted implementation} supports the | |
| 137 whole standard including all the library facilities; a @dfn{conforming | |
| 138 freestanding implementation} is only required to provide certain | |
| 139 library facilities: those in @code{<float.h>}, @code{<limits.h>}, | |
| 140 @code{<stdarg.h>}, and @code{<stddef.h>}; since AMD1, also those in | |
| 111 | 141 @code{<iso646.h>}; since C99, also those in @code{<stdbool.h>} and |
| 142 @code{<stdint.h>}; and since C11, also those in @code{<stdalign.h>} | |
| 143 and @code{<stdnoreturn.h>}. In addition, complex types, added in C99, are not | |
| 144 required for freestanding implementations. | |
| 145 | |
| 146 The standard also defines two environments for programs, a | |
| 147 @dfn{freestanding environment}, required of all implementations and | |
| 148 which may not have library facilities beyond those required of | |
| 149 freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup | |
| 150 and termination are implementation-defined; and a @dfn{hosted | |
| 151 environment}, which is not required, in which all the library | |
| 152 facilities are provided and startup is through a function @code{int | |
| 153 main (void)} or @code{int main (int, char *[])}. An OS kernel is an example | |
| 154 of a program running in a freestanding environment; | |
| 155 a program using the facilities of an | |
| 156 operating system is an example of a program running in a hosted environment. | |
| 0 | 157 |
| 158 @opindex ffreestanding | |
| 159 GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding | |
| 160 implementation, or as the compiler for a conforming hosted | |
| 111 | 161 implementation. By default, it acts as the compiler for a hosted |
| 0 | 162 implementation, defining @code{__STDC_HOSTED__} as @code{1} and |
| 163 presuming that when the names of ISO C functions are used, they have | |
| 164 the semantics defined in the standard. To make it act as a conforming | |
| 165 freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the | |
| 111 | 166 option @option{-ffreestanding}; it then defines |
| 167 @code{__STDC_HOSTED__} to @code{0} and does not make assumptions about the | |
| 0 | 168 meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions |
| 169 noted below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make | |
| 170 your own arrangements for linking and startup. | |
| 171 @xref{C Dialect Options,,Options Controlling C Dialect}. | |
| 172 | |
| 173 GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted | |
| 174 implementations, nor yet all the facilities required by C99 of | |
| 111 | 175 freestanding implementations on all platforms. |
| 176 To use the facilities of a hosted | |
| 177 environment, you need to find them elsewhere (for example, in the | |
| 0 | 178 GNU C library). @xref{Standard Libraries,,Standard Libraries}. |
| 179 | |
| 180 Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in | |
| 181 @file{libgcc}, but there are a few exceptions. GCC requires the | |
| 182 freestanding environment provide @code{memcpy}, @code{memmove}, | |
| 183 @code{memset} and @code{memcmp}. | |
| 184 Finally, if @code{__builtin_trap} is used, and the target does | |
| 111 | 185 not implement the @code{trap} pattern, then GCC emits a call |
| 0 | 186 to @code{abort}. |
| 187 | |
| 188 For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and | |
| 189 information concerning the history of C that is available online, see | |
| 190 @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html} | |
| 191 | |
| 111 | 192 @section C++ Language |
| 0 | 193 |
| 111 | 194 GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard published in 1998, |
| 195 and the 2011 and 2014 revisions. | |
| 0 | 196 |
| 197 The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC | |
| 198 14882:1998) and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 | |
| 199 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These standards are referred to as C++98 and | |
| 200 C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority of C++98 (@code{export} | |
| 201 is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select | |
| 111 | 202 this standard in GCC, use one of the options @option{-ansi}, |
| 203 @option{-std=c++98}, or @option{-std=c++03}; to obtain all the diagnostics | |
| 204 required by the standard, you should also specify @option{-pedantic} (or | |
| 0 | 205 @option{-pedantic-errors} if you want them to be errors rather than |
| 206 warnings). | |
| 207 | |
| 111 | 208 A revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC |
| 209 14882:2011, and is referred to as C++11; before its publication it was | |
| 210 commonly referred to as C++0x. C++11 contains several changes to the | |
| 211 C++ language, all of which have been implemented in GCC@. For details | |
| 212 see @uref{https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/@/cxx-status.html#cxx11}. | |
| 213 To select this standard in GCC, use the option @option{-std=c++11}. | |
| 214 | |
| 215 Another revised ISO C++ standard was published in 2014 as ISO/IEC | |
| 216 14882:2014, and is referred to as C++14; before its publication it was | |
| 217 sometimes referred to as C++1y. C++14 contains several further | |
| 218 changes to the C++ language, all of which have been implemented in GCC@. | |
| 219 For details see @uref{https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/@/cxx-status.html#cxx14}. | |
| 220 To select this standard in GCC, use the option @option{-std=c++14}. | |
| 221 | |
| 222 The C++ language was further revised in 2017 and ISO/IEC 14882:2017 was | |
| 223 published. This is referred to as C++17, and before publication was | |
| 224 often referred to as C++1z. GCC supports all the changes in the new | |
| 225 specification. For further details see | |
| 226 @uref{https://gcc.gnu.org/projects/@/cxx-status.html#cxx1z}. Use the option | |
| 227 @option{-std=c++17} to select this variant of C++. | |
| 0 | 228 |
| 111 | 229 More information about the C++ standards is available on the ISO C++ |
| 230 committee's web site at @uref{http://www.open-std.org/@/jtc1/@/sc22/@/wg21/}. | |
| 231 | |
| 232 To obtain all the diagnostics required by any of the standard versions | |
| 233 described above you should specify @option{-pedantic} | |
| 234 or @option{-pedantic-errors}, otherwise GCC will allow some non-ISO C++ | |
| 235 features as extensions. @xref{Warning Options}. | |
| 236 | |
| 237 By default, GCC also provides some additional extensions to the C++ language | |
| 238 that on rare occasions conflict with the C++ standard. @xref{C++ | |
| 0 | 239 Dialect Options,Options Controlling C++ Dialect}. Use of the |
| 111 | 240 @option{-std} options listed above disables these extensions where they |
| 241 they conflict with the C++ standard version selected. You may also | |
| 242 select an extended version of the C++ language explicitly with | |
| 243 @option{-std=gnu++98} (for C++98 with GNU extensions), or | |
| 244 @option{-std=gnu++11} (for C++11 with GNU extensions), or | |
| 245 @option{-std=gnu++14} (for C++14 with GNU extensions), or | |
| 246 @option{-std=gnu++17} (for C++17 with GNU extensions). | |
| 0 | 247 |
| 111 | 248 The default, if |
| 249 no C++ language dialect options are given, is @option{-std=gnu++14}. | |
| 250 | |
| 251 @section Objective-C and Objective-C++ Languages | |
| 0 | 252 @cindex Objective-C |
| 253 @cindex Objective-C++ | |
| 254 | |
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255 GCC supports ``traditional'' Objective-C (also known as ``Objective-C |
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256 1.0'') and contains support for the Objective-C exception and |
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257 synchronization syntax. It has also support for a number of |
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258 ``Objective-C 2.0'' language extensions, including properties, fast |
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259 enumeration (only for Objective-C), method attributes and the |
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260 @@optional and @@required keywords in protocols. GCC supports |
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261 Objective-C++ and features available in Objective-C are also available |
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262 in Objective-C++@. |
| 0 | 263 |
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264 GCC by default uses the GNU Objective-C runtime library, which is part |
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265 of GCC and is not the same as the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime |
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266 library used on Apple systems. There are a number of differences |
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267 documented in this manual. The options @option{-fgnu-runtime} and |
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268 @option{-fnext-runtime} allow you to switch between producing output |
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269 that works with the GNU Objective-C runtime library and output that |
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270 works with the Apple/NeXT Objective-C runtime library. |
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271 |
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272 There is no formal written standard for Objective-C or Objective-C++@. |
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273 The authoritative manual on traditional Objective-C (1.0) is |
| 111 | 274 ``Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language'': |
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275 @uref{http://www.gnustep.org/@/resources/@/documentation/@/ObjectivCBook.pdf} |
| 111 | 276 is the original NeXTstep document. |
| 0 | 277 |
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278 The Objective-C exception and synchronization syntax (that is, the |
| 111 | 279 keywords @code{@@try}, @code{@@throw}, @code{@@catch}, |
| 280 @code{@@finally} and @code{@@synchronized}) is | |
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281 supported by GCC and is enabled with the option |
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282 @option{-fobjc-exceptions}. The syntax is briefly documented in this |
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283 manual and in the Objective-C 2.0 manuals from Apple. |
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284 |
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285 The Objective-C 2.0 language extensions and features are automatically |
| 111 | 286 enabled; they include properties (via the @code{@@property}, |
| 287 @code{@@synthesize} and | |
| 288 @code{@@dynamic keywords}), fast enumeration (not available in | |
| 289 Objective-C++), attributes for methods (such as @code{deprecated}, | |
| 290 @code{noreturn}, @code{sentinel}, @code{format}), | |
| 291 the @code{unused} attribute for method arguments, the | |
| 292 @code{@@package} keyword for instance variables and the @code{@@optional} and | |
| 293 @code{@@required} keywords in protocols. You can disable all these | |
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294 Objective-C 2.0 language extensions with the option |
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295 @option{-fobjc-std=objc1}, which causes the compiler to recognize the |
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296 same Objective-C language syntax recognized by GCC 4.0, and to produce |
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297 an error if one of the new features is used. |
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298 |
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299 GCC has currently no support for non-fragile instance variables. |
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300 |
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301 The authoritative manual on Objective-C 2.0 is available from Apple: |
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302 @itemize |
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303 @item |
| 131 | 304 @uref{https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html} |
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305 @end itemize |
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306 |
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307 For more information concerning the history of Objective-C that is |
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308 available online, see @uref{http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html} |
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309 |
| 111 | 310 @section Go Language |
| 311 | |
| 312 As of the GCC 4.7.1 release, GCC supports the Go 1 language standard, | |
| 313 described at @uref{https://golang.org/doc/go1}. | |
| 314 | |
| 315 @section HSA Intermediate Language (HSAIL) | |
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316 |
| 111 | 317 GCC can compile the binary representation (BRIG) of the HSAIL text format as |
| 318 described in HSA Programmer's Reference Manual version 1.0.1. This | |
| 319 capability is typically utilized to implement the HSA runtime API's HSAIL | |
| 320 finalization extension for a gcc supported processor. HSA standards are | |
| 321 freely available at @uref{http://www.hsafoundation.com/standards/}. | |
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322 |
| 145 | 323 @section D language |
| 324 | |
| 325 GCC supports the D 2.0 programming language. The D language itself is | |
| 326 currently defined by its reference implementation and supporting language | |
| 327 specification, described at @uref{https://dlang.org/spec/spec.html}. | |
| 328 | |
| 111 | 329 @section References for Other Languages |
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330 |
| 0 | 331 @xref{Top, GNAT Reference Manual, About This Guide, gnat_rm, |
| 332 GNAT Reference Manual}, for information on standard | |
| 333 conformance and compatibility of the Ada compiler. | |
| 334 | |
| 335 @xref{Standards,,Standards, gfortran, The GNU Fortran Compiler}, for details | |
| 336 of standards supported by GNU Fortran. |