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author Nobuyasu Oshiro <dimolto@cr.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
date Thu, 18 Jul 2013 21:36:00 +0900
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1 % Sample file for the use of compsoft style file.
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2 %
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3 \documentclass[T]{compsoft}
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5 % Preamble
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6 %
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7 % 「コンピュータソフトウェア」誌に掲載される論文の場合，次で
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8 % 巻数，号数，開始ページ，終了ページを指定する．
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9 %\volNoPp{16}{5}{78}{83}
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11 % ワークショップによる推薦論文の場合，ワークショップ名を指定する．
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12 % \suisen{ワークショップ名}
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14 % 特集の場合，特集のタイトルを与える．
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15 % \tokushu{特集のタイトル}
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17 % 大会論文の場合，\taikai で開催年を指定する．ここで指定した年から
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18 % 大会の回数は計算される．
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19 \taikai{2013}
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20 \pagestyle {empty}
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22 % ここに，使用するパッケージを列挙する．
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23 \usepackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx}
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24 \usepackage{listings,jlisting}
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25 \usepackage{url}
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27 % ユーザが定義したマクロなどはここに置く．ただし学会誌のスタイルの
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28 % 再定義は原則として避けること．
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30 \begin{document}
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31
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32 % 論文のタイトル
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33 \title{Data Segment の分散データベースへの応用}
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34
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35 % 著者
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36 % 和文論文の場合，姓と名の間には半角スペースを入れ，
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37 % 複数の著者の間は全角スペースで区切る
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38 %
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39 \author{大城 信康 \and 杉本 優 \and 河野 真治
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40 %
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41 % ここにタイトル英訳 (英文の場合は和訳) を書く．
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42 %
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43 \ejtitle{}
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44 %
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45 % ここに著者英文表記 (英文の場合は和文表記) および
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46 % 所属 (和文および英文) を書く．
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47 % 複数著者の所属はまとめてよい．
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48 %
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49 \shozoku{Nobuyasu OSHIRO,Yu SUGIMOTO, Shinij KONO }{琉球大学大学院理工学研究科情報工学専攻並列信頼研}%
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50 {Dept.Concurrency Reliance Laboratory, Information Engineering Course, Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus}
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51 %
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52 % 出典情報は \shutten とすれば出力される．
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53 %\shutten
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54 %
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55 % 受付年月日，記事カテゴリなどは自動的に生成される．
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56 %\uketsuke{1999}{8}{3}
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57 %
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58 % その他，脚注に入れるものがあれば，\note に記述する．
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59 %\note{脚注に入れる内容}
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60 }
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61
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62 %
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63 % 和文アブストラクト
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64 \Jabstract{%
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65
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66 Data Segment のJava上の実装としてAliceを作成してきた。
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67 非破壊的木構造データベースjungleの分散実装を行う際にノード間での通信が必要になる。
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68 Aliceを用いてデータベースノード間の通信を行う利点と欠点について考察する。
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69 }
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70
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71 %
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72 % 英文アブストラクト（大会論文には必要なし)
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73 % \Eabstract{}
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74 %
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75 \maketitle \thispagestyle {empty}
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76
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77 \section{はじめに}
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78 当研究室では並列・分散プログラムに向いたプログラミングを目指し, データを Data Segment, タスクを Code Segment という単位で扱うプログラミングスタイルの
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79 提案を行なっている.
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80 Data Segment, Code Segment によるプログラミングを提供する実装として, Java による分散ネットワークフレームワーク
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81 Alice を開発している.
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82 Alice はノード間のトポロジー生成を提供しており, Data Segment としてデータの送受信をノード間で行うことができる.
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83
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84 また, 当研究室では非破壊的木構造を用いたデータベースである Jungle の開発も行なっている.
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85 Jungle はデータを非破壊で保持することでスケーラビリティのあるデータベースを目指している.
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86 Jungle はデータの編集を TreeOperationLog という単位で行う.
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87 Alice を使いこの TreeOperationLog を各ノード間で送受信することでデータの分散を行うことができる.
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88
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89 本研究では, Alice と Jungle を用いて分散データベースの実装を行う.
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90 さらに, 例題のアプリケーションとして掲示板を作成し, 評価を行う.
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91
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92 \section{分散ネットワークフレームワーク Alice}
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93 Alice は当研究室で開発している分散管理フレームワークである.
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94 Data Segment とCode Segment による並列・分散プログラミングを提供する.
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95
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96 まず, Data Segment と Code Segment についての説明を行う.
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97
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98 \subsection{Data Segment}
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99 Data Segment は計算に必要なデータになる.
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100 Alice は Data Segment を文字列の Key で管理する.
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101 Key 毎にリストが用意され, put された順番で Data Segment は取り出され計算が行われる.
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102 Data Segment は Data Segment Manager(以下DSM) により管理される.
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103 DSM はノード毎にキーを持つ.
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104 他のノードの DSM にアクセスする場合は Remote DSM 経由で行う.
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105 Alice による分散プログラミングはこの Remote DSM の機能を使用する.
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106
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107 Data Segment Manager は API を提供しており, この API を通じて Data Segment のやりとりが行われる
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108 具体的には以下の API が用意されている.
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109 \begin{itemize}
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110 \item \verb+void put(String key, Value val)+
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111 \item \verb+void update(String key, Value val)+
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112 \item \verb+void peek(Receiver receiver, String key)+
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113 \item \verb+void take(Receiver receiver, String key)+
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114 \end{itemize}
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115 put は Data Segment をリストへと追加する API である.
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116 update はリストに入っている Data Segment を更新する API である.
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117 peek はリストに入っている Data Segment を取り出す API である.
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118 peek により取り出された Data Segement はリストより削除されない.
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119 take はリストに入っている Data Segment を取り出す API である.
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120 取り出した Data Segment はリストより削除される.
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121
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122
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123 \subsection{Code Segment}
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124 Code Segment は Data Segment を受け取り計算を行うコードのことを示す.
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125 並列プログラミングにおけるタスクにあたる.
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126 Code Segment と Data Segment は対になっている.
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127 Code Segment は計算に使う Data Segment のキーを登録して, そのキー
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128 にあたる Data Segment が用意され次第処理が実行される.
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129 Code Segment が処理を開始するのに必要な Data Segment を Input Data Segment という.
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130
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131 Code Segment では Data Segment の生成を行い, put や update により新たにリストに登録することができる.
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132 Code Segment 内で作成し登録される Data Segment は Output Data Segment と呼ばれる.
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133
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134 Code Segment は Input Data Segment と Output Data Segment の API を提供する(図\ref{fig:dsnadcs}).
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135 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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136 \begin{center}
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137 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/dsandcs.pdf}
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138 \caption{Data Segment と Code Segment}
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139 \label{fig:dsnadcs}
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140 \end{center}
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141 \end{figure}
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142
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143
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144
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145 \subsection{MessagePack}
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146 Alice における Data Segment のデータ表現には MessagePack を利用している.
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147 MessagePack はバイナリをベースにしたシリアライズライブラリーである.
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148 また, MessagePack のバイナリにシリアライズできる型のみで構成された Value オブジェクト
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149 が用意されている.
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150 MessagePack は Java の基本的な型はシリアライズすることができる.
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151
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152 Value オブジェクトは自己記述なデータ形式になっている.
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153 独自のクラスでも @Message アノテーションを付けることで Value 型
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154 へと変換することができる.
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155 その時は MessagePack がシリアライズできる型のみをフィールドに入れなければならない.
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156
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157
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158 \section{非破壊的木構造を用いたデータベース Jungle}
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159 Jungle はスケーラビリティのある CMS の開発を目指して当研究室で開発されている非破壊的木構造データベースである.
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160 一般的なコンテンツマネジメントシステムではブログツールや Wiki・SNS が多く, これらの
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161 ウェブサイトの構造は大体が木構造であるため, データ構造として木構造を採用している.
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162
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163 ここではまず破壊的木構造と, 非破壊的木構造の説明をし, Jungle におけるデータ編集の実装について述べる.
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164
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165 \subsection{破壊的木構造}
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166 破壊的木構造の編集は, 木構造で保持しているデータを直接書き換えることで行う.
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167 図\ref{fig:destractive}は破壊的木構造の編集を表している.
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168
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169 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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170 \begin{center}
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171 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/destructive_tree.pdf}
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172 \caption{破壊的木構造の編集}
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173 \label{fig:destractive}
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174 \end{center}
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175 \end{figure}
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176
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177 破壊的木構造は, 編集を行う際に木のロックを掛ける必要がある.
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178 データを受け取ろうと木を走査するスレッドは書き換えの終了を待つ必要があり, 閲覧者が
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179 いる場合は木の走査が終わるまで書き換えをまたなければならない.
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180 これではスケールしないと考えられる.
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181
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182 \subsection{非破壊的木構造木構造}
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183 非破壊的木構造は破壊的木構造とは違い一度作成したデータを破壊することはない.
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184 非破壊的木構造においてデータの編集を行う場合は, root から編集のあったノードまでコピー
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185 を行い新しく木構造を作成することで行う.
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186 編集が行われない部分は参照をもたせる.
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187 図\ref{fig:nondestractive}は非破壊的木構造の編集を表している.
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188
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189 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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190 \begin{center}
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191 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/non_destructive_tree.pdf}
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192 \caption{非破壊的木構造の編集}
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193 \label{fig:nondestractive}
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194 \end{center}
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195 \end{figure}
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196
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197 非破壊的木構造により, 木構造を編集しながら走査することが可能となる.
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198
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199
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200 \subsection{Jungle におけるデータ編集}
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201 木の編集は, 通常 Node を書き換えるため Node の API として提供されることが多いが, Jungle で
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202 は JungleTreeEditor を利用して行う.
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203 JungleTree Editor には編集するためのいくつかのメソッドが用意されており, NodePath と
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204 呼ばれるルートノードからノードまでのマスを指定することでノードが編集される.
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205 NodePath は, ルートノードからスタートし, ノードの子供の場所を次々に指定していくことで編集対象
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206 のノードの場所を表す(図\ref{fig:nodepath}).
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207
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208 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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209 \begin{center}
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210 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/nodepath.pdf}
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211 \caption{NodePath}
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212 \label{fig:nodepath}
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213 \end{center}
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214 \end{figure}
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215
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216 Tree 編集の API として次の4つが用意されている.
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217 \begin{itemize}
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218 \item \verb+addNewChildAt(NodePath _path,int _pos)+
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219 \item \verb+deleteChildAt(NodePath _path,int _pos)+
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220 \item \verb+putAttribute(NodePath _path,+\\
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221 \verb+String _key,ByteBuffer _value)+
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222 \item \verb+deleteAttribute(NodePath _path,+\\
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223 \verb+String _key)+
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224 \end{itemize}
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225
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226 \subsubsection{addNewChildAt}
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227 NodePath で指定された Node に子供となる Node を追加するAPIである.
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228 pos で指定された番号に子供として追加を行う.
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229
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230 \subsubsection{deleteChildAt}
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231 NodePath と pos により指定される Node を削除する API である.
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232
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233 \subsubsection{putAttribute}
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234 Node に attribute を追加する API である.
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235 文字列をキーにして ByteBuffer によりデータを保持する.
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236
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237 \subsubsection{deleteAttribute}
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238 NodePath により指定される Node の attribute を削除する API である.
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239 削除する attribute は文字列のキーで指定する.
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240
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241 \subsection{TreeOperationLog}
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242 上記の API を使用すると Editor 内部では NodeOperation として順次つまれていき, 最終
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243 的に commit されることで編集が行われる.
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244 複数の NodeOperation の集まりを TreeOperationLog といい, これが編集の単位となる.
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245 例えば, 後述する掲示板の実装では1つの書き込みに対して1つの Node を作成し, attribute を
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246 もたせている.
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247 その時のログは次のようになる.
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248
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249 \begin{verbatim}
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250 [APPEND_CHILD:<-1>:pos:1]
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251 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:author,value:oshiro]
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252 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:mes,value:hello]
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253 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:key,value:hoge]
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254 [PUT_ATTRIBUTE:<-1,1>:key:timestamp,value:0]
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255 \end{verbatim}
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256
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257 大文字の英字は実行した API を表す.
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258 <>により囲まれている数値は NodePath を示す.
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259 NodePath の後ろは posision や attribute の情報を表している.
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260 NodeOperation と NodePath の組み合わせを TreeOperation として扱い, それらいくつか集まりが TreeOperationLog となる.
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261
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262 \section{Alice を用いた Jungle の分散実装}
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263 Alice を用いた Jungle のデータ分散は, 上記の TreeOperationLog を Data Segment として扱うことで行える.
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264 そのために必要なことは以下となる.
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265 \begin{itemize}
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266 \item TreeOperationLog を MessagePack によりシリアライズ
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267 \item TreeOperationLog を扱う Data Segment の作成
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268 %\item Data Segment として受け取った TreeOperationLog の Jungle への適応
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269 \end{itemize}
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270
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271
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272 \subsection{TreeOperationLog の MessagePack によるシリアライズ}
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273 TreeOperationLog はそのまま MessagePack でシリアライズすることはできない.
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274 TreeOperationLog は TreeOperation をフィールドに List として保持していた.
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275 フィールドとして保持しているものは全て MessagePack でシリアライズできるものに
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276 しなけれならない.
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277 そこで, フィールドで保持しているもの Value 型に変換するための Container クラス
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278 作成をそれぞれ行った.
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279 ログに関連するクラス全てをシリアライズするクラスを行った後に, それら全てをまとめる
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280 DefaultTreeOperationLogContainer クラスの作成を行った.
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281 このクラスは TreeOperationLog を Value 型へと変換しフィールド変数で保持する.
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282 実際に TreeOperationLog のシリアライズを行うソースを次に示す.
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283
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284 %\begin{lstlisting}[label=unconvert, caption=TreeOperationLog のシリアライズ]
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285 \begin{verbatim}
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286 public void unconvert(Iterable
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287 <TreeOperation> _log) throws IOExceptio{
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288 MessagePack msgpack = new MessagePack();
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289 List<Value> list
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290 = new LinkedList<Value>();
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291 for(TreeOperation op : _log) {
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292 NodeOperation nOp
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293 = op.getNodeOperation();
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294 NodePath nPath
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295 = op.getNodePath();
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296 DefaultTreeOperation treeOp
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297 = new DefaultTreeOperation(nPath, nOp);
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298 DefaultTreeOperationContainer c
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299 = new DefaultTreeOperationContainer();
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300 c.unconvert(treeOp);
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301 Value v = msgpack.unconvert(c);
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302 list.add(v);
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303 }
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304 Value listValue
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305 = msgpack.unconvert(list);
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306 logValue = listValue; // field variable
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307 }
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308 \end{verbatim}
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309 %\end{lstlisting}
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310
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311 List で保持していた TreeOperation を List<Value> へと変換させている.
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312 また, TreeOperationLog の保持だけでなく, 編集した木の名前やリビジョン番号, 変更を行ったノードの情報を
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313 ノードの名前といった情報も保持するようにした.
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314 DefaultTreeOperationLogContainer により, TreeOperationLog を Data Segment へと put することができる.
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315
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316 \subsection{ログを扱う Data Segment}
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317 Alice の各ノードは "log", "childLog" というキーでログを扱う(図\ref{fig:topology}).
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318
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319 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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320 \begin{center}
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321 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/alice_topology.pdf}
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322 \caption{形成されるトポロジーと Data Segment}
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323 \label{fig:topology}
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324 \end{center}
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325 \end{figure}
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326
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327 "log" にはそのノードが行った木の編集のログが入る.
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328 また, 子供となるノードは "parent" というキーを使うことで親ノードの Data Segment Manager にアクセスすることができる.
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329 子供となるノードは親の "log" を待ち反映する Code Segment (LogUpdateCodeSegment) を走らせており, ログが put されるとそのデータを受け取り
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330 Code Segment の処理が行われる(図\ref{fig:putlog}).
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331 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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332 \begin{center}
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333 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/putLog.pdf}
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334 \caption{親ノードの更新を行う Code Segment}
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335 \label{fig:putlog}
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336 \end{center}
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337 \end{figure}
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338
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339 "childLog" には子供となるノードが行った編集のログが入れられる.
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340 ノードは "childLog" の Data Segment にデータが入るの待っている Code Segment が常に走らせており, 子供が行った木の編集が
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341 "childLog" に put されることで親へとデータの伝搬が行われる(図\ref{fig:putchildlog}).
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342 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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343 \begin{center}
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344 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/putChildLog.pdf}
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345 \caption{子供のノードの更新を行う Code Segment}
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346 \label{fig:putchildlog}
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347 \end{center}
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348 \end{figure}
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349
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350
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351 \subsection{Merge algorithm の設計}
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352 Jungle はログの衝突が起きた場合に, Merge を行うことで衝突を解決する.
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353 今回実装した掲示板における Merge algorithm は単純な実装である.
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354 書き込みのタイムスタンプと既に書き込まれたデータのタイムスタンプを比べ, ソートを行う.
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355
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356 掲示板においての Merge に関してはそれで十分である.
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357 しかし, ブログや Wiki といった CMS を設計するさいにはもっと複雑な Merge になる.
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358 どのように Merge algorithm を実装していくかはよく考えて行かなければならない.
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359
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360
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361 \section{Cassandra との比較}
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362 Cassandra は複数のサーバで動作を想定した分散データベースである.
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363 Cassandra は分散 Key-Value ストアデータベースであり, Dynamo\cite{DYNAMO}とBigTable\cite{BIGTABLE}を合わせた
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364 特徴を持っている.
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365 データの Read と Write に対して Consistency Level を設定することができる.
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366 Write に関してはデータの書き込みが全体, 過半数, もしくは1つのノードに書き込まれたかどうかの整合性の設定ができる.
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367 Read に関しては最初にデータを持っていたノードか, 全体を検索して最新のタイムスタンプを確認するかといった整合性の設定ができる.
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368 Consistency Level にもよるがつまり Cassandra はデータについて複数のノードに問い合わせいることになる.
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369
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370 \begin{figure}[htpb]
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371 \begin{center}
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372 \includegraphics[scale=0.50]{figures/cassandra.pdf}
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373 \caption{Cassandra におけるデータの更新・読み込み}
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374 \label{fig:cassandra}
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375 \end{center}
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376 \end{figure}
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377
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378
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379 \subsection{Jungle のデータ要求}
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380 Jungle ではデータの要求が行われた場合, 手元にあるデータを返す.
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381
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384
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385
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386 \section{掲示板の作成}
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387
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388
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389 \subsection{評価}
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391
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392 \section{まとめ}
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393
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394
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395 \nocite{*}
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396 \bibliographystyle{junsrt}
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397 \bibliography{jssst}
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398 \end{document}
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