Mercurial > hg > Papers > 2011 > toma-prosym

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changed English abstract
author Daichi Toma <toma@cr.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp>
date Mon, 21 Nov 2011 20:04:56 +0900
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1 \documentclass[private]{ipsjpapers}
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2 \usepackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx}
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6 % 巻数，号数などの設定
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7 % \setcounter{巻数}{0}
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9 % \setcounter{volpageoffset}{0}
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10 % \受付{2011}{11}{18}
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11 % \採録{0}{0}{0}
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13 % ページ番号を表示しない
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14 \pagestyle{empty}
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16 % 図の表示の間隔を狭める
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17 \setlength\intextsep{0pt}
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18 \setlength\textfloatsep{0pt}
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21 % ユーザが定義したマクロなど．
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22 \makeatletter
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23 \let\@ARRAY\@array \def\@array{\def\<{\inhibitglue}\@ARRAY}
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24 \def\<{\(\langle\)}
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25 \def\>{\(\rangle\)}
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26 \def\|{\verb|}
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27 \def\Underline{\setbox0\hbox\bgroup\let\\\endUnderline}
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28 \def\endUnderline{\vphantom{y}\egroup\smash{\underline{\box0}}\\}
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29 \def\LATEX{\iLATEX\Large}
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30 \def\LATEx{\iLATEX\normalsize}
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31 \def\LATex{\iLATEX\small}
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32 \def\iLATEX#1{L\kern-.36em\raise.3ex\hbox{#1\bf A}\kern-.15em
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33 T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}
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34 \def\LATEXe{\ifx\LaTeXe\undefined \LaTeX 2e\else\LaTeXe\fi}
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35 \def\LATExe{\ifx\LaTeXe\undefined \iLATEX\scriptsize 2e\else\LaTeXe\fi}
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36 \def\Quote{\list{}{}\item[]}
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37 \let\endQuote\endlist
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38 \def\TT{\if@LaTeX@e\tt\fi}
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39 \def\CS#1{\if@LaTeX@e\tt\expandafter\string\csname#1\endcsname\else
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40 $\backslash$#1\fi}
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41
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42 %\checklines % 行送りを確認する時に使用
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44 \begin{document}%{
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45 % 和文表題
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46 \title[Cerium Task Manager におけるマルチコア上での並列実行機構の実装]%
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47 {Cerium Task Manager におけるマルチコア上での並列実行機構の実装}
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48
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49 % 英文表題
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50 \etitle{Implementation of Parallel Execution of Cerium Task Manager on Multi-core}
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51
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52 % 所属ラベルの定義
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53 \affilabel{URYUKYU}{琉球大学\\University of the Ryukyus}
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54
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55 % 和文著者名
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56 \author{當眞 大千\affiref{URYUKYU}\nomember{}\and
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57 金城 裕\affiref{URYUKYU}\nomember{}\and
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58 河野 真治\affiref{URYUKYU}\member{19841765}}
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59
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60 % 英文著者名
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61 \eauthor{Daichi TOMA\affiref{URYUKYU}\and
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62 Yutaka KINJO\affiref{URYUKYU}\and
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63 Shinji KONO\affiref{URYUKYU}}
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64
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65 % 連絡先（投稿時に必要．製版用では無視される．）
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66 \contact{當眞 大千\\
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67 903-0213 沖縄県中頭郡西原町字千原1\\
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68 琉球大学情報工学科\\
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69 TEL: (098)895-8723\qquad FAX: (098)895-8727\\
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70 email: toma@cr.ie.u-ryukyu.ac.jp}
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71
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72 % 和文概要
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73 \begin{abstract}
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74 本研究室で作成した Cerium Task Manager\cite{gongo:2008a} は, Task 単位で記述するゲームフレームワークである.
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75 % Cerium Task Manager では, Task に input データ, output データ及び依存関係を設定し,
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76 % Task Manager としてそれらの Task を管理し, 実行する.
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77 今までは, PlayStation 3/Cell\cite{cell} 上でのみ, 並列実行を可能にしていたが,
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78 今回新たに Mac OS X, Linux 上での並列実行に対応した.
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79 % 今回のポスター発表では, 既存の Cerium Task Manager の実装の説明,
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80 % 新しい並列実行の機構についての説明及び実際に Cerium Task Manager を利用して, 並列実行のデモを行う.
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81 本論文では, 既存の Cerium Task Manager の実装と新たに実装した並列実行の機構について説明する.
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82
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83 \end{abstract}
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84 % 英文概要
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85 \begin{eabstract}
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86 We have developed Cerium Task Manager\cite{gongo:2008a} that is a Game Framework on the PlayStation 3/Cell\cite{cell}.
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87 Cerium Task Manager new supporting parallel execution on Mac OS X and Linux.
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88 In this paper, we described implementation of existing Cerium Task Manager and a new parallel execution.
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89 \end{eabstract}
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90
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91 % 表題などの出力
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92 \maketitle
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93
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94 % ページ番号を表示しない
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95 % maketitleの定義が邪魔するので, 1ページ目だけはthispagestyleを使う必要がある
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96 \thispagestyle{empty}
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97
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98 % 本文はここから始まる
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99
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100 \section{はじめに}
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101 プロセッサメーカは, 消費電力, 発熱及びクロックの限界という観点から,
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102 マルチコア構成の路線を打ち出しており, 今後ますますマルチコアプロセッサが主流になると想像できる.
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103
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104 マルチコアプロセッサ上で, リソースを有効活用するためには, 並列プログラムを行う必要があるが,
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105 効率の良い並列プログラムを書くことは難しい.
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106
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107 そこで, 本研究室で作成した Cerium Task Manager\cite{gongo:2008a} をマルチコアプロセッサに対応させることで,
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108 マルチコアプロセッサ上での Task 単位による並列プログラミングをサポートする.
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109
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110 今まで, Cerium Task Manager は, PlayStation 3/Cell\cite{cell} 上でのみ, 並列実行を可能にしていたが,
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111 今回新たに Mac OS X, Linux 上での並列実行に対応した.
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112
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113 本論文では, まず既存の Cerium Task Manager の実装について説明する.
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114 その後, 新たに実装した並列実行の機構について説明する.
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115
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116 \section{Cerium Task Manager}\label{section:cerium}
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117 Cerium Task Manager は, Cell 用に開発されたゲームフレームワークであり,
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118 Rendering Engine を含む.
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119
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120 Cerium Task Manager では, 並列処理を Task 単位で記述する.
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121 関数やサブルーチンを Task として扱い,
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122 Task には, input データ, output データ及び依存関係を設定する.
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123 Cerium Task Manager によってそれらの Task は管理され, 実行される.
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124
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125 Cerium Task Manager は, PlayStation 3/Cell, Mac OS X 及び Linux 上で利用することができ,
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126 それぞれのプラットフォームで同じプログラムを動作させることができる.
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127 これにより, アーキテクチャに依存しないプログラムを記述することが可能である.
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128
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129 \subsection{Cerium Task Manager の特長}
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130 Cerium Task Manager では, プログラムの様々なレベルでパイプラインが構成されるので,
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131 プログラムの性能向上が見込める (図\ref{fig:scheduler}) .
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132
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133 また, Task 自体は入力データから, 出力データを計算するだけなので非常に単純だが,
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134 その入出力データをダブルバッファリングとして切り替えたり,
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135 適切な並列度が得られるように徐々に生成するのは非常に煩雑となる.
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136 さらに, これらのデータ管理は, 並列実行を行うアーキテクチャに特化した処理が必要となる\cite{yutaka:2011b}.
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137 Cerium Task Manager を利用することで, このような煩わしいことから解放され,
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138 並列計算の実装に集中することができる.
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139
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140 \begin{figure}[h]
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141 \begin{center}
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142 \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{./pic/scheduler.pdf}
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143 \end{center}
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144 \caption{Scheduler}
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145 \label{fig:scheduler}
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146 \end{figure}
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147
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148 \section{新たに実装した並列実行の機構}\label{section:impl}
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149
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150 PlayStation 3/Cell 上の場合, 各 SPE に Task が割り当てられ, 並列に実行される.
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151
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152 今回新たに, Mac OS X, Linux 上でも並列に実行させることを可能にした.
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153 これは, PlayStation 3/Cell の Mailbox に対応させる形で,
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154 Synchronized Queue を用いて Mac OS X, Linux 側の Cerium Task Manager へ移植したものである.
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155
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156 % \subsection{Mailbox}
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157 % Mailbox は, Cell の機能の1つである.
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158 % Mailbox は, PPE と SPE の間を双方向で, 32 bit メッセージの受け渡しが可能であり,
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159 % FIFO キュー構造になっている.
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160
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161 \subsection{Synchronized Queue}
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162 PlayStation 3/Cell の Mailbox に対応させる形で作成した, Linux 上で動作する同期キューである.
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163 キューを操作しているスレッドが常に1つになるよう, バイナリセマフォで管理されている.
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164 各スレッドは, input 用と output 用として Synchronized Queue を2つ持っており,
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165 管理スレッドからタスクを受けて並列に実行するようになっている.
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166
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167 \subsection{ベンチマーク}
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168 Wort Count, Sort 及び Prime Counter の例題を用いて, 計測した.
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169 比較対象として, PlayStation 3/Cell においても同様の例題を用いて計測している.
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170 表\ref{table:benchmark}に結果を示す.
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171
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172 {\bf 実験環境}
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173 \begin{itemize}
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174 \item OS : CentOS 6.0
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175 \item CPU : Intel\textregistered Xeon\textregistered X5650 @2.67GHz * 2
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176 \item Memory : 128GB
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177 \end{itemize}
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178
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179
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180 \begin{table}[h]
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181 \begin{center}
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182 \caption{Benchmark}
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183 \vspace*{-0.5cm}
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184 \label{table:benchmark}
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185 \begin{tabular}[t]{l||l|l|l}
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186 \hline
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187 & Word Count & Sort & Prime Counter\\
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188 \hline\hline
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189 PS3 1 CPU & 2381 ms & 6244 ms & 2081 ms \\
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190 \hline
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191 PS3 6 CPU & 1268 ms & 1111 ms & 604 ms\\
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192 \hline
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193 1 CPU & 354 ms & 846 ms & 266 ms\\
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194 \hline
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195 6 CPU & 70 ms & 163 ms & 50 ms\\
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196 \hline
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197 12 CPU & 48 ms & 127 ms & 36 ms\\
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198 \hline
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199 24 CPU & 40 ms & 100 ms & 31 ms\\
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200 \hline
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201 \end{tabular}
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202 \end{center}
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203 \end{table}
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204
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205 また, 図\ref{fig:multi_result}に各例題をスレッド数を変更して実行した結果を示す.
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206 % 図\ref{fig:cell_result}は, PlayStation 3/Cell 上で同様の例題を動かしたものである.
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207
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208 % \begin{figure}[h]
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209 % \begin{center}
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210 % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{./pic/multi_result.eps}
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211 % \end{center}
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212 % \caption{Execution time}
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213 % \label{fig:multi_result}
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214 % \end{figure}
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215
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216 % \begin{figure}[h]
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217 % \begin{center}
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218 % \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{./pic/cell_result.eps}
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219 % \end{center}
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220 % \caption{Execution time on PlayStation 3}
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221 % \label{fig:cell_result}
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222 % \end{figure}
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223
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224 表\ref{table:benchmark}より, Playstation 3/Cell と比較して, 十分に速い結果が出ていることが確認できる.
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225 % また, 図\ref{fig:multi_result}より, 台数効果が確認できる.
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226
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227 \section{まとめ}
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228 本稿では, 既存の Cerium Task Manager の実装と新しい並列実行の機構について説明した.
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229 新しく実装した並列実行の機構を用いることによって, Mac OS X, Linux 上でのマルチプロセッサ環境に対応できる.
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230
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231 \nocite{yutaka:2010a, cell_abi, opencl}
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232 \bibliographystyle{junsrt}
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233 \bibliography{cerium.bib,book.bib}
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235 \end{document}